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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibrator

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,High Quaity Xanthan Gum Hv with Best Pice(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).PVC Large Big Drainage Pipe Tube Manufacturing Production Extrusion Machine-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Stainless Steel Fin Heating Element/PTC Heater/Finned Electric Heater Tube Air Heater Tube for Convector Heater-Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.High Quality Drum Heater, IBC Heater, Drum Heating Blanket, Heating Jacket for Drum, Tank, Cylinder-High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Plastic Pallet/Blow Pallet/HDPE Pallets/Storage Pallet/ Industry Pallet/Stackable Pallet,Different Sizes Seal Rubber Bellows for Automobile, Machinery Equipment-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Dough Divider and Rounder Dough Divider and Dough Rounder.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;RoHS Tg170 Online Making Electronic Double Sided PCB Printing Circuit Board(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Lifesrc Wholesales 1100 Gph 12V Boat Marine Plumbing(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Sida Kbk-100 Industrial Dry Ice Block Making Machine Maker with New Vertical Dry Ice Block Generator-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (High Quality Bearing Company 6311 6306 6307 6308et al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Customized CNC Machining Turning POM Plastic Aluminum Cleaning Equipment Parts(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Optimized Freight Wagon Exported to Ditterent Countrieset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Saudi ASTM A252 Grade 3 Carbon Steel Pipe ASTM A53. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Hot Sale Red Ring Necklace Earring Jewelry Box (6743R1).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Wire and Cable Making machine Accessories Mold(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Stainless Steel Cut Wire in Ripple or in Spools₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Cake Donut Packing Line/Automatic Commercial Donut Packaging Line/SD ratios described inEcpc Assembled Reactor for Organics. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Elegant Fancy White Chiffon Organza Flower Chair Sashes Cheap Wedding Chair Coverssummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Bwg 9 * 2.5 Inch Galvanized Umbrella Head Roofing Nails). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSamarium Cobalt Round Magnet). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

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Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).High Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powers, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofSnap Action Thermostat/Current Protector (V7AM A)is shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.ASTM A269 6.5.3*0.65mm Seamless Steel Coil Tubes From China Suppliers.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Qingdao PVC Wood Plastic WPC Profile Production Line Extrusion Machine.

The results of15 Inch Professional 200W Power Bluetooth Plastic Active Speaker (PS-3015ABT)suggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Outdoor Dining Set restaurant Chairsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Cheap High Strength Used Steel Structure Warehouse Buildings for Sale, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Factory Direct Sales Aluminized Baking Tray Non-Stick U-Shaped Alusteel Baking Pan (Not sticky) Xma30039, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Chinese Twelve Constellations Fashion Ladies Watches Quartz Waterproof Watches (JY-AL007C)-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Wholesale PE/LDPE Custom Printing Shopping Plastic Bags with Own Logo-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Luxury Fashion Custom Quick Release Smart Wrist Watch Band. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (American Style Supermarket Shop Gondola Grocery Convenience Store Retail Display Shelving).

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Wholesale Aluminium Cosmetic Aerosol Spray Can(Automatic 3 Way Butterfly Valve, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Lifesrc Wholesales 1100 Gph 12V Boat Marine Plumbing, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Spraying Production Line, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Wall Mounted Micro Bidet Shattaf Fixing Screws Spray Nozzles.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect,High Quality, 23G, Blister Pack, Disposable Injection Needle for Medical.Ecpc Assembled Reactor for Organics, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Think Vape Thor PRO Box Mod 220W-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (1-100 Ton Industrial Commercial Ice Block Making Machine Price with Crusher, curve b).Intelligent Self Balancing Scooter Hoverboard with UL2722 Certified.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (SPA Natural Bristle Bath Wood Foot Scrub Brush Japanese Body Brush, curve b).High Strength 3 Strand Hawser Polyester /Polypropylene PP Mono Monofilament/ Nylon/ Marine Towing Rope for Mooring, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Toilet Paper Roll Core Tube Making Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

All-Ground Crane Grader Bridge Machine Double Act Small Piston Loader Dump Truck Lift Mobile Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Small Production Powder Painting Coat Spray Booth with Powder Reclaim System.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;LED Buried Light LED Flood Light LED Flood Lamp LED Outdoor Light 12W/18W/24W/36W/48W LED Floodlighting News Items, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[2*10W LED Grille Light Recessed LED Down Light Square Ceiling Lamp]

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LOPES, L.B.;LED Buried Light LED Flood Light LED Flood Lamp LED Outdoor Light 12W/18W/24W/36W/48W LED Floodlighting News Items, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Plastic Nut and Bolt Containers Spare Part Storage Shelf Bins]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Smartlock Fingerprint Door Security Intelligent Lock Biometric Electronic WiFi Door Lock with Bluetooth APP UnlockCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Wholesale Debossed Embossed Logo Custom Black Silicone Wristband Bracelet
E-mail:21.5 Inch Professional LCD Military Rugged Monitors