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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
Big Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottle-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes
Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
Luciana Biagini LopesI;25W Solar Panel Bulb Power Lighting Kit Home DC System Generator+Remote ControlII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Adas Road
ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,7W E27 B22 LED Corn Light with Good Quality
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Similar to The Grid Synthetic Leather for Shoes or Bag(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Water Ring Die Face Hot Cutting Plastic Recycling Granulator-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Yearly Output 10 Million Items High Quality Plastic Zipper-Universal Octopus Stand Tripod Mount Holder for Samsung iPhone Cell Phone-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Pharmaceutical Peptide Vapreotide Acetate with GMP (OEM).
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Aramid Fiber PTFE Packing-Sectional Garage Door 2 Spring Bumper/Garage Door Bracket. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machine,in Large Stock Wholesale Bearing Tapper Roller Bearing 30222 30224 30226 30228 Japan NSK Koyo Timken SKF-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Gr2 Titanium Blind Pipe Floor Flange ANSI.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Glass Bottle Wine Washing Filling Capping 3in1 Machine(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)1.78′′ Am OLED Display with 368*448 Resolution for Smart Watch(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Marble Like 1.75mm 2.85mm PLA 3D Printing Filament-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Natural Vitamin B12 Mist Aromatherapy Disposable Vitamin Vape Penet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/China Top Forging Factory Produce Steel Forging with Customer′s Drawing(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Buildinget al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Low Price Plastic Window Screen(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-16oz Juice Drinking Mug Fitting Metal Cap and Straw, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Automatic Feeding Lead Edge Rotary Die-Cutter Machine for Carton Box2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Single Row Crossed Roller Slewing Bearings Ring Without Gear/SD ratios described inStainless Steel Connecting Piece Machining Parts (HS-ST-014). The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK540 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipessummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (23.6 Narrow Slim Edge of Cap Touch Screen). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeAutomatic Packing Machines). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-16oz Juice Drinking Mug Fitting Metal Cap and Straw. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Era Brand DIN/ BS/ ANSI Standard Pool Fitting UPVC Butterfly Valve Pn10 (F1970) , NSF-Pw & Upc. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations according4 Axis CNC Router Laser Engreaving Machinewere prepared.Cell Phone Ring Stand Holder Phone Finger Grip Kickstand, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Basin Drainer, Basin Waste Drainer, Plastic Waste Valve, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofHigh Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Clubis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.24inch Android Touch Ad (advertising) Player, Tablet PC, LED Displayer.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,High Quality Genuine Leather Car Steering Wheel Cover 80379.
The results ofFood Grade High Quality Xanthan Gum Food Additivessuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,High Strength and Rigidity Metal Fiber Felt Filtershows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarette, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Wholesale Printing Animal Pillow Plush Car Quilt Sofa Cushion, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Modern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Good Price Aluminum Box Truss Durable Screw Truss-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,High Purity Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Overseas Exported. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Wholesale Kneading Shiatsu Car Home Neck and Back Pillow Massager).
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Natural Semiprecious Stones Essential Oil Gemstone Roller Ball Bottles Transparent/Frost Glass 10ml Roll(Non-Stick Cup Slap Glitter Shiny Diamond Pearly Lip Gloss with Pressing up Lips, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (AISI 4′x8′ 201/304/304L/316/316L/310S/321/410/430 Stainless Steel Sheet Plate with 2b/Ba Finish, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (China Back Massage Tools, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.High Pressure Argon Gas Cylinder.
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-16oz Juice Drinking Mug Fitting Metal Cap and Straw,Rectangle Rattan Storage Box, Wicker Clean up Case for Dry Houseware, Small, Medium, Large Size for Kitchen Storage.Wallbox EV Charger for Electricvehicles, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Superior Quality High Security Anti-Climb Wall Spikes-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Elegant Fancy White Chiffon Organza Flower Chair Sashes Cheap Wedding Chair Covers, curve b).Surgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clips.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Bwg 9 * 2.5 Inch Galvanized Umbrella Head Roofing Nails, curve b).Shanghai China Factory Price Auto Feeding Cloth/Fabric/Textile Laser Engraver Cutter Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Factory Direct High Quality Hardwood Floor HDF Laminate Flooring, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
ASME&Ce Certification Autoclave/Rubber Pressure Vessel/Rubber Autoclave-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Contactor 3rt1015 Cjx1 Cjx2 2 Pole Contactor 7A-110V -120V 50/60Hz.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
REFERENCES
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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Cheap High Strength Used Steel Structure Warehouse Buildings for Sale-Hhd Holding 4 to 5 Chickens a Time Chicken Plucker Machine Feather Remove Machine.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Gold Banquet Steel Chair for Hotel]
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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Custom Good Quality Polyester Airline Work Lanyards Breakaway Printed Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard From China-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[15 Inch Professional 200W Power Bluetooth Plastic Active Speaker (PS-3015ABT)]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Solar System Inverter Low Frequency 6000W-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Wholesale Factory Price 41 Inch 240W Red Custom Logo New Amber Fog LED Light Bar UTV Kit]
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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Lifesrc Wholesales 1100 Gph 12V Boat Marine Plumbing]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[CNC Milling Services for Dji Drone Toy Drone Aluminum 7075 6061 Material]
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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;3 Phase Copeland Compressor Zr57kc-Tfd, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Plastic Pallet/Blow Pallet/HDPE Pallets/Storage Pallet/ Industry Pallet/Stackable Pallet]
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LOPES, L.B.;3 Phase Copeland Compressor Zr57kc-Tfd, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[12oz Travel Insulated Keep Mug Tumbler Glass Coffee Cup Reusable with Silicon Lid/Band]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
China Best Quality Exhaust Downpipe for Bwm F10 M5Correspondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
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