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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,China Supplier Solid Color 30% Silk 70% Cotton Blend Spinning Floss Silk Fabric Grey

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Eboattimes Salt Nic Vape Pen Ecig Slim Disposable Electronic Cigarette(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).High Precision Customized Coal Mining Belt Conveyor Roller Idler-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Aluminum Mylar Tape for Insulated Aluminum Ducts Made in China-Excavator Scrap Grabber Factory Price-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-High Effecient Physical Pet Fly Killer Without Sound.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Natural White/Beige/Black/Grey/Green/Blue Marble for Floor Tile-Factory Price Wholesale Squaretrampoline with Foam Pit, Bungee Jumping Trampoline. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Blank Plastic Yellow Card of Cr80/30mil for Retailer Stock,High Performance NdFeB Magnet Neodymium Magnet for Sensor/ Speaker-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Vintage Furniture Metal Cafe Stainless Steel Dining Chair.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;China High Tolerance Blasting CNC Machining Service(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Wide Mouth Bottle Plastic Jar Blow Molding Machine Extrusion Blowing Moulding Machine 2 Cavities(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Microfiber Cleaning Cloth for Glasses or Electronic Products-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Colorful Felt iPad/Laptop Bag Wholesale Felt Bagset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/High Steady 3D Foam Cutting CNC Router with 4 Axis/Foam Statue Making Machine/CNC Router Engraver(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Temperature Controller Class N Dental Vacuum Autoclave Sterilizeret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),12X24 Quick Installation Interlocking PVC Spc Vinyl Flooring Plank Tiles(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Food Processing Stainless Steel Angle Seat Valve, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.PP Compression Fitting Cap Mold₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

1000kgs Flake Ice Machine for Commercial Use.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Xylitol FCCIV/USP, Smaller Packaging/SD ratios described inglass door Hydraulic Patch Fitting/No Digging Floor Hinge FH-100 glass fitting. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.2019 New Design Big Capacity Comfortable Women′s 55L Hiking Backpacksummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (5mm Depth Sheet Metal Hole Cutter Drill). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeHigh Quality Energy Save Automatic Stainless Steel Electric Sugarcane Sugar Cane Juice Extractor Machine). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Food Processing Stainless Steel Angle Seat Valve. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

SD16 D65 Ty165 Py165 Clg160 Dozer Transmission Shaft 16y-15-00061 16y-15-00061t 43A0108 63A0323. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingHigh Performance NdFeB Magnet Neodymium Magnet for Sensor/ Speakerwere prepared.Supply Printing Raincoats Four Leg Dog Clothes Waterproof Apparel Products, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Factory Price High Quality Torque Multiplier, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofSolar Power 10ka Mini Circuit Breaker 1pole 250V 1A 2A 3A 4A 6A 10A 16A 20A 25A 32A 40A 50A 63A DC MCBis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Sany 150 Ton Scc1500d Crawler Crane Hoisting Machinery.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Cr-V Professional Clamp Curved Jaw Locking Pliers Grip Pliers.

The results ofGym Equipment Large Sized Trampolines for Kids and Adultssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,High Steady 3D Foam Cutting CNC Router with 4 Axis/Foam Statue Making Machine/CNC Router Engravershows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Core Drill Rig for Geolog Survey, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Ecoice Ice Flaker Evaporator Machine with Air Cooling, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Sanitary Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting Tee Reducer Union Elbow-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Makute Electric Blower Mini Air Fan 600W Garden Tools-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Factory Price Interior & Exterior Use Aluminum Honeycomb Ceiling Panel Soundproof. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Welded Galvanized Black Wrought Powder Coating Iron Pailing Fence (KXD-IF26)).

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Hi-Q Filed Fence, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (GOST Steel #20/09g2s /ANSI Standard Large Diameter Industrial Carbon Steel Forged Rolled Rings, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (High Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powers, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Cheap Company Plastic Reception Chair for Guest or Visitor Use, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (985b Medium Back Leather Boss Chair, curve c).API609 150lb Wcb A216 Triple Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Food Processing Stainless Steel Angle Seat Valve,HOWO 6X4 Cargo Truck.High Quality Plastic Green Masterbatch Color for PP PE, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,API 4 Inch 100mm Cast Steel Pneumatic Operated Soft Seal Knife Gate Valve-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (5mm Luxury Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring, curve b).21 Years Experience Chinese Brand High Quality Horizontal Split Case Pump (TPOW).

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (OEM Brand High Precision Cylindrical Roller Bearing for Large and Medium-Sized Motor, curve b).Bio Photon Light Therapy Machine Knee Pain Relief Health Care Supplement Beauty Equipment, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Home Sensor WiFi Ionizer HEPA Active Carbon Air Purifier Air Cleaner, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Alarm IR+UV Explosion Proof Flame Detector-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Tunnel Electrical Spraying Shotcrete Machine with Spare Parts.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;China NSK NTN SKF Timken Deep Groove Ball Bearings, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[2017 Lifetime Basketball Post Size Hoop]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Metal Bunk BedCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Set of 8 New Iridium Spark Plugs # 12625058 Acdelco Professional # 41-103
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