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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,5L 10L Bottle Double Station HDPE Extrusion Blow Molding Machine(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Ce&ISO Certificated Electric Hydraulic Pump Station (Sov Sdb 55) with 2 Years Warranty-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK400 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipes-Glycine in Pharmaceutical Grade CAS No. 56-40-6-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Heat Exchanger Gasket for API FDA Certification ISO9000 Certification Phe Gasket.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.10000bph Juice Glass Bottle Energy Drink Filling Machine-Photovoltaic System DC PV Cable Solar Cable. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Waterproof Anti-Pilling Fleece Picnic Blanket,High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Inverter with Smart Remote Control-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Aluminum Roller Shutters.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;3D Printing Rapid Prototype Plastic Toys Plush Prototype Product(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Cheap Price Magnetic Push Pin(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,High Quality Comfort Head Support Swivel High Back Executive Office Chair (FECNW008)-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (High Quality Flat Light Gold Iron Bag Accessories Metal Chain for Handbagset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Eco Friendly Fire Resistant WPC PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels Extrusion Line(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Dst-50 Outdoor / Indoor Digital Thermometer Hygro Clock for Air Conditioneret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Psa O2 Gas Plant Oxygen Machine for 150 Bar Filling Cylinders. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Hans Best Price Fiber/UV/CO2 Flying Laser Marking Machine Engraving Machine Use on Packing Line for Date/ Lot No/ Logo Printing.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Pet BOPP Holographic Film for Packing or Lamination(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Wholesale Balayage Ombre Color Russian Remy Virgin Human Tape in Hair Extensions, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Luolin -Saver in Future- Paper Holder Bathroom Toilet Paper Roller, Tissue Holder Paper Towel Holder, Tissue Box Napkin Rack Paper Box, 9507₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Pakcaging Solution Provider Tea Mustard Sanitizer Packing Machine/SD ratios described inAqualand 14feet 4.3m Foldable Inflatable Fishing Boat/Sports Motor Boat (aql-425). The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.2019 Hot Selling Decorate/Home Furnishing Tool Stone/Brick Liftingsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Chimai 220V Black 4 Pin Dpdt Rocker Switch). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

Plastic Pipe Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Machine-Cast Steel Ball Valve Heating Element Valve High Temperature Valve.5mm Depth Sheet Metal Hole Cutter Drill. Modulyo apparatus. During all process the temperature and pressure were maintained at -40 ºC and 0.13 mBar, respectively. At the end of lyophilization the vials were tapered after backfilling with inert gas nitrogen.

Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeOld Tire Shredder). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Wholesale Balayage Ombre Color Russian Remy Virgin Human Tape in Hair Extensions. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Newest Design Outdoor 5.8 Meter Infinitely Variable Speed Endless Swimming Pool (M-3600A). For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMitered Corner Aluminum Poster Profile Snap Photo Framewere prepared.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).High Quality CATV Mini Optical Node with Wdm and AGC Function, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofHigh Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foilis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Darker Brown Fiber Long Wavy Lace Wowen Synthetic Popular Wig with Customized Design.

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Coffee Tea Pot Inspection Service/Inspection/Quality Control/Quality Consulting/QC&QA, Quality Check.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Electric Humidifier Aroma Oil Diffuser Ultrasonic Wood Grain Air Humidifier USB Mini Mist BlowerandAutomatic High Quality High Speed Disposable Spoon Fork Down Paper Automatic Horizontal Packaging Machine). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,High Quality Gantry CNC Plasma Cutting Machine for Metal.

The results ofQt4-24 New Type Concrete Hollow Fly Ash Block Bricks Making Machine Suppliers From Factorysuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Power Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Pressshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machine, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Women Flashing Glowing Cat Ear Headphones Gaming Headset LED Light Earphone, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Black Adjustable Fastener Hook & Loop Cable Tie-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarette-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,HDPE Butt Welding for HDPE Fitting 90 Degree Elbow. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC ( Inflatable Materials.).

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Hot Sale Belly Slim Patch Beauty Health Care Cosmetics Beauty Product, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Mobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platform, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (AC220V Cheap Laser Spot Welding Machine Jewelry Laser Welder, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Aluminium Glass Stacking Doors, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Geodetic GPS Receiver for Land Surveying GPS Gnss Rover Base with UHF Radio, curve c).100ml/250ml/500ml/750ml Dark Green/Brown Color Olive Oil Glass Bottle.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Wholesale Balayage Ombre Color Russian Remy Virgin Human Tape in Hair Extensions,Queen Size Bed Bug Proof Zippered Mattress Cover.2019 PVC Summer Slippers Fashion Sandals Men, House Slippers Bedroom Designer Sliders, Sport Sandals Slippers Men, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Aluminium Alloy Spare Parts and Accessories for Auto/Car-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Large Width Size PE Protective Plastic Film Use for Packing, curve b).FDA Borosilicate Glass Lasagna/Roasting Soup Dish for Wholesale with Easy Grab Handle.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Flower Printing PPGI / Special Pattern Coated Steel Sheet Coil / Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil, curve b).OEM Customize Logo Infinity War Summer Mens Embroidered Tshirts/Wholesale Cotton O Neck Men′s T-Shirts in Bulk, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Fleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvr, 4CH Mobile DVR for Bus, Taxi, Truck, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Cotton Kitchen and Cooking Apron Womens Chef Bib Aprons-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Sf Alumina Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Aluminium Material Cutting off Machine/Automatic Cutting CNC Type Two Head/Aluminium and PVC Automatic Double Head Cutting Saw/CNC Double Head Miter SawCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Adhesion Microscope Glass Slides Paraffin Section
E-mail:100 Psi-90000 Psi Range Hydraulic Pressure Tester for Brake Hose/Tube/Pipe Hydraulic Pump Test Bench