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vol.42 issue4Medication misadventures: how to minimize them?Development of formulations and technology of efavirenz coated tablets obtention: anti-HIV therapyauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Epoxy Fiberglass Insulation Fr4/G10 Sheet


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Mutrade Automatic Car Parking Systems/Hydraulic Lift(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Factory Aluminum Die Casting Auto Pump Parts-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Industrial Air Flow Distribution Powder Curing Oven with Electrical Heater-Chicken Plucking Defeather Machine for Compact Poultry Farm Slaughtering Equipment-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-5000W Power Inverter DC 12V AC 220V for Lithium Battery.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.2019 Autumn and Winter Female Bat Sleeve Amazon Ins Fashion Sweater Jacket-China NSK NTN SKF Timken Deep Groove Ball Bearings. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).High Quality Mobile Phone LCD Touch Digitizer for iPhone 5/5g,Widely Used HVAC Pipe Leveling Beading Machine-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Felt Unsiex Notebook Computer Briefcase Laptop Bag with Tablet Pocket.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;2019 Fashion Designer Women PU Lady Handbag Tote Bag(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)China High Quality Rectangular Aluminum Mesh Plate for Outdoor Use(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,PPGI/PPGL/Gl Roofing Iron Sheet/Galvanized Steel Coil-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (High Power Single Burner Electric Induction Cookware Setet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Water Hyacinth Reed Cutter Aquatic Weed Harvester Cutting Ship /Rubbish Collection Cleaning Boat Vessel Trash Skimmer Water Clean Machine in Lake River Dam(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Set of 8 New Iridium Spark Plugs # 12625058 Acdelco Professional # 41-103et al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Geodetic GPS Receiver for Land Surveying GPS Gnss Rover Base with UHF Radio. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Original Memory Card Ultra SD Card Micro SD Card Class 10 Memory Card 16GB.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Sg6.2g/cm3 Ceria Zirconium Grinding Beads 2.4-2.6mm(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Flexible Keyboard PCB Inverter Welding PCB Board PCB Components, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Cheap Price Poultry Chicken Slaughtering Dehairing Plucker Machine for Sale2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-High Quality Billiard Pool Table/SD ratios described inStylish Dog Apparel with Different Design. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.2019 Wholesale Multicolor Baby Sandal Leather Tassel Shoessummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeAnti Insect Net). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Flexible Keyboard PCB Inverter Welding PCB Board PCB Components. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

High Brightness Outdoor Full Color LED Sign LED Display Board. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingDimmable Contracted LED PAR Light for Interior Lighting with E26 9W 12W 15W 18W 20W PAR 20 PAR30 PAR38were prepared.Plants/Warehouse Using Small Jib Crane 1000kgs, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).China HOWO A7 Tractor Trailer Head Truck for Sale, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofCustomized Alloy Steel Yoke Forged Metals Productsis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Trichoderma Harzianum Como Promotor De Crecimiento.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,A4 T Shirt Transfer Paper for Light Color.

The results ofKickstand and Holster Belt Clip Combo Holster Mobile Phone Case Cover for Alcatel Pixi 3 (5) /5015/5010suggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Hydraulic Vane Pump Cartridge (6E6474 6E6477) for Caterpillarshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Custom Services Aluminum Forging Metal Spare Parts, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Hot Sale Automatic Bottom Sealing Carton Erecting Machine, curve b). The DSC curves for non-PPM-T314A Pressure Transmitter 4-20mA for Internal Combustion Engine from China-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,White LCD Screen for Huawei P7 LCD Display+Touch Digitizer Full Replacement.-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Dust Sweeper Floor Easy Flat Mop. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Interior PVC Wall Cladding Panels for Shower Room).

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Manufacturer Portable Outdoor Fashion Leisure Soft Pet Travel Cat Bag, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (60-6000kw Hot Sale Customized Energy Saving Kgps Series Power Supply for Melting Furnace, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Wholesale Supply Brand Fashion Light Safety Shoes, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Parts with Powder Coating, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Colloidal Silica for The Refineries, curve c).Butane Solvent Extraction Machine System for Hemp Oil Cbd / Hemp Bho Mini Passive Closed.

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Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose(Quality Warranty M12 M14 M15 M19 Nut Cap Metal Connector, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (SD7 Ty165 Sem816 Clg160 SD16 Dh17 Dozer Front Idler, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Home Garden Flower Pot, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Portable Android PDA with Fingerprint Reader 1d/2D Honeywell Bar-Code Scanner.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Flexible Keyboard PCB Inverter Welding PCB Board PCB Components,Precision Customized Hexagonal Nut.6061-T6 Aluminium Profile System Extrusion Profiles with Powder Coating, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,China Brand 3 Axle 12 Wheels Rear Dump Tipper Hydraulic Lifting Tipping Dump Full Trailer-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Manufactures Eco Friendly Heat Seal Die Cut You Own Custom Printing Shopping Plastic Bags with Own Logo, curve b).Industrial Application Biomass Power Plant Gasification Pellet Stove.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Tuya 720p Wire-Free Liteos Low Consumption Battery Powered Security IP Camera, curve b).Yoga / Sports Blank Custom Fitness Leggings, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Length Customed BOPP Tape for Packing, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Computer Stamping Die Cutting Creasing Machine-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Stainless Steel Shampoo Mixing Tank /Ointment Vacuum Emulsifying Machine.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable]

KRIWET, K.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C. Mutual interactions between diclofenac diethylamine and phospholipids – investigation on the microstructure of the arisen systems.Pharmazie, Berlin, v.49, p.187-191, 1994.[Gr2 Titanium Blind Pipe Floor Flange ANSI]

LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Automotive Metal High Quality Metal Stamping]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734)]

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LOPES, L.B.;AC 12V/24V 100W H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Hanging Ear Drip Coffee Bag Packaging]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Big Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottle]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Wholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socks]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[High Quality Vertical Rotary Instant Coffee Powder Packaging Machine Jc-Lcvp520]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Hollow Particle Composite Work BenchCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Components
E-mail:Food Grade High Quality Xanthan Gum Food Additives

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