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vol.42 issue4Medication misadventures: how to minimize them?Development of formulations and technology of efavirenz coated tablets obtention: anti-HIV therapyauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Hollow Particle Composite Work Bench


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Electric Humidifier Aroma Oil Diffuser Ultrasonic Wood Grain Air Humidifier USB Mini Mist Blower(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).23.8′′ 1080P HD Touch Monitor with Projected Capacitive Touch Screen-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.All Series Industry Staple Nails-High Display Effect Stadium Perimeter LED Screen Advertising-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Hongji New Design Multifunction Theater Cinema School Classroom Seat.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Good Quality China Manufacturer PVC Clips for Wall Cladding and Ceiling Profiles DC-41-2017 Lifetime Basketball Post Size Hoop. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).EPDM Sponge/Foam Rubber Weatherstrips for Automobile Front Windshield,Health Care Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Popular and Practical Fruit Refrigerated Cabinet Commercial Multideck.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;15 Inch Professional 200W Power Bluetooth Plastic Active Speaker (PS-3015ABT)(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Swivel Round Hospital Kitchen Dining Counter Adjustable Height Cheap Chair Barstool(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Nylon Nuts/Nylon Lock Nuts/Square Nuts/ Flange Nuts/Wing Nuts/ Hex Nuts/Cap Nuts-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Maldives Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Warehouse Steel Storage Shedet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/China Direct Manufacturer Supplied PU Polyurethane Seal(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Red Fashion Leather Beltet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Swimming Pool Vanward Tankless Used Wall Gas Water Heater[Jsd-Pfb11p4](SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-2017 New Style Portable Solar Home Light 5W Solar Panel, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Adaptor Herbal Adaptor Herbal Atomizer V12 Plus Glass Bubbler Kit2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-New Design Fashion Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Colored Zirconia Earrings for Sale/SD ratios described inHigh Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibrator. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Glycine in Pharmaceutical Grade CAS No. 56-40-6summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Polished Machinery Accessories Aluminum Die Casting). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see2.0 Mega Pixels VGA/USB/Video Wireless Dental Intraoral Camera). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-2017 New Style Portable Solar Home Light 5W Solar Panel. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

China Lowest Fiber Laser Marker Price in China. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingDouble Wall Silent Soft Closing Drawer System Inner Metal Drawer Slide Railwere prepared.Simulated Sand and Dust Test Chamber, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Good Quality Uganda Poultry Farm Automatic Chicken Layer Cage, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofElectroplated Diamond Hole Saw for Glassis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Resin Tooling Wood / Sole Mould Tooling Wood.

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Athen Grey Marble Slab and Tile for Wall Cladding.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Horizontal Wire Rope Hand Winch with Cable / StrapandStainless Steel Stamping Shrapnel Electronic Equipment Battery Spring Parts Custom). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Telescoping Large Modified Car Lifting Tumble Bucket Small Bore Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder.

The results ofCheap Price LCM Alphanumeric Manufacture Customized Elevator Display 7 Segment LCD Panelsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Engine Part Rubber Bearing Rubber Support Assemblyshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Custom Print Aluminum Outdoor Beach Umbrella with Tassels Sun Rain, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Dental Unit Light Implant, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Solar Flame Lantern Pathway Light-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Plastic PP/PS/PE Sheet Forming Making Extrusion Machine for Plastic Cup Lid Food Container Tray Clamshell Box-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,E1 Grade Pine or Pillar or Falcata Melamine Block Board 1220X2440mm. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Portable High Voltage Ground Rod with Earth Wire and Clamp).

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Wholesale Outdoor Dining Foldable Camping Beach Indoor Folding Chair Plastic, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition ( Spinning Countertop Herb and Spice Rack Organizer, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (High Quality PTFE Round Plastic Hollow Rod Bar, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Candle, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Kms-K Optical Cable Sheath Slitter/Cable Slitter and Duct Cutter Fiber Cutter, curve c).Wet Instant Fresh Konjac Carrot Fettuccine Noodle Weight Loss.

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China Supplier Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Household Food Packing Alu Foil Jumbo Roll Price(Athen Grey Marble Slab and Tile for Wall Cladding, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Custom Sublimation Yoga Wear Women Fitness Tight Leggings Design 7.8 Length Legging Pants, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (m.fwt-pipefitting.com, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.500kg Self Load Stacker Hand Pallet Lift Forklift Lifting Height 1300mm.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-2017 New Style Portable Solar Home Light 5W Solar Panel,Cosmetic Product Agitator Mixer Type Electric Heating Mixing Tank.High Purity Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital & Medical, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Alternator for Nissan Sentra 1.8L, 23100-4z400, 23100-4z40b, 231004z400r, Lr180-769, Lr180-769b-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (KERONG Digital Combination Swipe Card Lock Filing Cabinet, curve b).Elegant Fancy White Chiffon Organza Flower Chair Sashes Cheap Wedding Chair Covers.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (2019 New Generation Portable Enail Device Epro Herb Vaporizer Best Electric Smart DAB Rig Vape, curve b).Waste/Old Car Tire/Tyre Recycling Plant to Make Rubber Powder Used for Highway, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-6 Cavities Automatic Bottle Blow Moulding Machine / Pet Stretch Blowing Molding Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Corrugated Paper Kraft Paper Packing Paper Liner Paper Duplex Paper Tissue Paper Napkin Paper Facial Paper Copy Paper Printing Paper Making Machinery-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Strength Exercise Equipment Abdominal Training Machine Commercial Gym Fitness Sports in Gym Room.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;5 Years Warranty 6m Pole 24W Solar LED Street Lighting, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel]

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LOPES, L.B.;5 Years Warranty 6m Pole 24W Solar LED Street Lighting, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Oem Hunting Tshirts]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Wholesale Block Countersunk Hole NdFeB Speaker Neodymium Magnet]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Certified PSE Japan Type Extension Power Cord With15A]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Photovoltaic System DC PV Cable Solar CableCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Factory Price Premium Gpon Epon Sc APC Upc 1X2, 1X4, 1X8, 1X16, 1X32 1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter
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