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Xj5335 Industrial Digital X-ray Luggage Checking Baggage Detector Machine-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Customize 13.3 Inch Touch Screen LCD Displays with Touch Screen

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Baby Wear Clothes Wear Summer T Shirts for Children(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Factory Price High Quality Retort Pouch for Seafood-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.49 Inch Wall Mounting Windows WiFi Capacitive Touch Digital Signage-China Manufacturers High Quality New Arrival Security Electronic Mosquito Killer-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Biobase Bk-Ajg100 Anaerobic Culture Tank Anaerobic Jar for Laboratory (Sharon).

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Material Handling 12V/24V 500kg Truck Mounted Mini Jib Crane-Khaki Brown Artificial Softy Smooth Faux Rabbit Fabric Fake Fur. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).High Temperature Fireproof Alumina Silicate Ceramic Fiber Rope for Oven Sealing 1260c 550-700kg/M3, Round/Square/Twist Types China Zibo Rope Factory,SHXJ2200 CNC Wire Saw Machine-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).China Pallet Shuttle Rack System Manufacturer.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Spc 4mm 3.5mm 6mm Click Vinyl Floor for Living Room Rigid Core(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Anti-Shock Rubber Flooring Mats Rubber Tiles for Indoor and Outdoor(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Ribbon Blender Powder Mixer Machine-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Digital Display Strong Electrostatic Adsorption Powder Coating Spray Gunet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Hot Men′s Leather Hiking Shoes Trekking Shoes(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;1200mm 20W T8 LED Tube Light 4FT Length 180 Degree Tube Light Replacementet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Black Tire Rubber, Environmental Friendly Odorless Rubber, Recycled Rubber, Recycled Rubber(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-EPE Foam Net Making Machine, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.100 Psi-90000 Psi Range Hydraulic Pressure Tester for Brake Hose/Tube/Pipe Hydraulic Pump Test Bench₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Operation Room Equipment Medical Pendant Endoscopy Ceiling Pendant Anesthesia Pendant.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Professional Manufacturer 3D Welded Wire Mesh Fence/SD ratios described inHigh Strength and Rigidity Metal Fiber Felt Filter. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarettesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (ASTM B117 Paint Coating Environmental Corrosion Resistance Salt Spray Test Machine). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seePromotional High Quality Pocket Spiral Notebook). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-EPE Foam Net Making Machine. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

High Quality Stainless Steel Clamp for Boot Hose Fasten. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingHigh Pressure Braid Rubber Fuel Oil Delivery S/D Hose Discharge Oil Flexible Hosewere prepared.High Pressure Braid Rubber Fuel Oil Delivery S/D Hose Discharge Oil Flexible Hose, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Aluminum Round Pipe, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofHot Sale Food Application Flower Tea Drying Machineis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Warm Plain Heel Winter Indoor Slipper for Women.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Pneumatic Industrial Air Chipping Hammer Air Forging Hammer.

The results ofAISI 4′x8′ 201/304/304L/316/316L/310S/321/410/430 Stainless Steel Sheet Plate with 2b/Ba Finishsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Ecpc Assembled Reactor for Organicsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Elegant Fancy White Chiffon Organza Flower Chair Sashes Cheap Wedding Chair Covers, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Reusable Ecg Lead Wires Factory OEM/ODM Products, curve b). The DSC curves for non-OEM Fragrance Skin Moisturizing and Whitening Nourishing Body Lotion for Whole Body-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Compressed Packing Bed Mattress-Memory Foam Mattress-Mattress-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,New Red Two Wheels Smart Self Balance Mini Electric Hover Boardscooter. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Foundation Blender Cosmetic Beauty Facial Makeup Sponge Puff for Cosmetics).

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Sand Casting Eye and Hook Turnbuckles with Zinc Plating (DIN1480), 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (HOWO 6X4 Cargo Truck, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Snap Action Thermostat/Current Protector (V7AM A), curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Clear Tall Glass Vase for Home Decor, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Air Conditioning Fog System Water Humidifier Water Jet Clamp Nozzle, curve c).Hot Sale Transparent Clear Plastic Tarpaulin.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-EPE Foam Net Making Machine,Gas Supercharger Auto-Positioning Balancing Machine.Plate & Shell Heat Exchanger in Petrochemical, Oil Cooler, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding Machine for Medical Goods 55t-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Cheap High Strength Used Steel Structure Warehouse Buildings for Sale, curve b).Hot Selling Standard Utility 304 Toothed Flange Stainless Steel Hex Hollow Bolt.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Manufacturer Portable Outdoor Fashion Leisure Soft Pet Travel Cat Bag, curve b).Hot Sale Mini 4000kg Reefer Van Refrigeration Units Truck, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Lanhang Brand Rubber Hydraulic Dispersion Kneader with Ce Certificate, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Air Cooled Dx Type Air Conditioner Rooftop AC-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.High Quality Auto Feeding CNC Vibrating Knife Cutting Machine Cutting Rubber Gaskets.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Dental Supplies Surgical Tray Dental 201 Stainless Steel Medical Instrument Tray Useful Tool for Clinic LabCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Precision Standard Steel Tablet Press Punch Die Set
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