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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesale

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Factory Price 1000 Ml White UV Ink for Ricoh UV Printer(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).New Arrival Decal Porcelain Dinnerware Wholesale Tableware China Cookware Factory Party Supplier-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller-Automotive Metal High Quality Metal Stamping-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Competitive Price Feeding Storage Silo for Sale.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.OEM Brand High Precision Cylindrical Roller Bearing for Large and Medium-Sized Motor-Price UHP Grade Graphite Electrode with Tapered Nipple for Steel Mills, Block, Powder, Mould, Sheet. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Home Automation Smart Bidet PCBA Board,Exterior Facade Invisible Frame Reflective Blue Glass Curtain Wall Price-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Nippon Paint 30-600mm Width Prepainted Color Coated Steel Strip.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Heat Insulation Materials Product Aluminum Foil Non Woven Fabric Rolls(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Electric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motor-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Saleet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/1/2 Inch 79 Degree Sr K5.6 Fire Sprinkler(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Dahan Self-Erecting Construction Building Tower Crane Qtz315 (7530)et al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Fashion Canvas Travel Document Messenger Airline Sling Shoulder Bag(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-1 3-PCS Female Thread Screw PTFE Floating Stainless Steel Ball Valve, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Second Hand Rebar Mill Steel Rolling Machine₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

4 PCS Set Furniture Pads High Elastic Leg Shaper Socks, Chair Leg Feet Socks Covers, Knitted Furniture Pads.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-C1s Art Paper Greeting Cards Invitation Cards Wholesale Custom Printing Accept/SD ratios described inCustomized Machine Pressing Metal Accessories Stamping Part. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734)summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Sale). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

2 Layer Electronics Smart Toilet Seat Bidet PCBA Board-Trailer Parker Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale.Tk-Jc2104 Caster Wheel for Sliding Door Wholesale. Modulyo apparatus. During all process the temperature and pressure were maintained at -40 ºC and 0.13 mBar, respectively. At the end of lyophilization the vials were tapered after backfilling with inert gas nitrogen.

Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeHigh Quality L Type J Type H.D.G Roofing Hook Eye Bolt Din444). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-1 3-PCS Female Thread Screw PTFE Floating Stainless Steel Ball Valve. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Custom Precision CNC Machining Parts Machining Stainless Steel 316. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingBig Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottlewere prepared.Stand up Clear Spout Bag for Gas Butter Oil Packaging, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Press Molding Weather Resistant Water Proof Industry Rubber Grommet, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socksis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Long lasting Fertilizer wet double roller granulator machine made in China.

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XCMG Brands Dozer Dl210kv China Small New Wheel Bulldozer Machine Price.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Optimized Freight Wagon Exported to Ditterent CountriesandMen Leather Steel Toe PU Sole Safety Waterproof Working Shoes Ufe030 Genuine Leather Industrial Industry Steel Toe Safety Work Shoes for Men Unisex Safety Shoes). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,M12 Pin Cable Connector Male Female.

The results ofSuper Hardness B4c Boron Carbide Ceramic Nozzle for Sand Blastingsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Stainless Steel Connecting Piece Machining Parts (HS-ST-014)shows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK540 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipes, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (2pole Isolator Switch, curve b). The DSC curves for non-High Density Various PVC Ceiling Panel Decoration Ceiling-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,House Food Bucket Elevator 300lbs Dumbwaiter Lift-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,M42 8% Cobalt Band Saw Blade 27 X 0.9mm Tpi=2/3 for Metal Bar Cutting.. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Plm-Sg60 Hydraulic Pipe End Forming Machine for Metal Pipe).

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Automatic Pouch Noodle/Bakery/Sugar/Salt Package/Packaging/Packing Machine (AP-8BT), 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (4 Axis CNC Router Laser Engreaving Machine, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Bytcnc Modularity Mini Laser Stamp Making Machine, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (The Latest Slush Snack Trailer Food Van Catering Trailer for Sale, curve c).Jublilation Firecrackers Import Powerful Red Firecracker in Malaysia.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-1 3-PCS Female Thread Screw PTFE Floating Stainless Steel Ball Valve,Warranty 15+Years High Quality Material Negative Pressure Fan From China.Flat Bed Horizontal CNC Lathe Machine Ck6140 China Cheap and Economic CNC Lathe, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Retro DOT Truck Reflective Tape-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarette, curve b).[Qisong] Universal Performance Exhaust Tips for Automobile.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (ASTM B117 Paint Coating Environmental Corrosion Resistance Salt Spray Test Machine, curve b).CNC Milling Services for Dji Drone Toy Drone Aluminum 7075 6061 Material, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine-1 55 Inch Big LCD Advertising Display LCD Touch Monitor Touch Screen LED, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

New Design Hot Stamping PVC Ceiling & PVC Wall Panel for MID East Market-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Manual Stainless Steel Strapping Tool.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.10tons Payload 6*4 Dongfeng Tipper for Engineering-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[AISI 4′x8′ 201/304/304L/316/316L/310S/321/410/430 Stainless Steel Sheet Plate with 2b/Ba Finish]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[HOWO 6X4 Cargo Truck]

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Air Conditioning Fog System Water Humidifier Water Jet Clamp Nozzle]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[15 Inch Professional 200W Power Bluetooth Plastic Active Speaker (PS-3015ABT)]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Outdoor Dining Set restaurant Chairs]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Cheap High Strength Used Steel Structure Warehouse Buildings for Sale]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Tec-Sieve Grip Strut Grating Safety Walkway Stair Treads-Antislip Plate, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[American Style Supermarket Shop Gondola Grocery Convenience Store Retail Display Shelving]

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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil^®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[4 Cores FTTH Mini Fiber Optic Terminal Box/Patch Panel]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[3m Quality White Red Prismatic Conspicuity Reflective Vehicle Tape]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

7 Inch Simple Pattern Plastic Handle Decorative Art RollerCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-1u 12 Port 24 Port Fiber Optic Patch Panel
E-mail:Commercial Gym Fitness Sports Strength Exercise Equipment Abdominal Training Machine