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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Stylish Dog Apparel with Different Design(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Steam Heating Milk Batch Pasteurizer for Milk Processing Line-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Best Quality Sound Waterproof Bluetooth Metal Mini Speaker-New Mobile Rechargeable Power Bank for Five Phones Charging Together-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Wholesale 7ml 15ml 30ml Aluminum Glass Cosmetic Jar with Aluminum Lid.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Custom Latest Designs Modern Simple 1024 Alloy Aluminium Frame Glass Sliding Doors-Wireless Bluetooth Polysomnography Sleep Tracker. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Odor Removal Particulate Matter Activated Carbon Mask with Valve,Low Carbon Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Customized Small Stainless Steel Shock Compression Spring Compression Coil Spring.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;70W Outdoor Integrated Solar Aluminum LED Street Light Housing(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)4K HDMI Splitter 1X8 HDMI Distributor 1 in 8 out 1.4V for HDTV DVD PS3(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,12kv Indoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Side Mounted Mechanism, Fzn25 Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker, High Voltage Vacuum Breaker, Indoor Vacuum Breaker-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Different Mesh of Erythritol Powderet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Desktop Hot Sale Lab Electric Stirrer/Mixer(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Hot Sale Food Application Flower Tea Drying Machineet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Black Annealed Loop Ties(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Cement Based Drymix Mortar Additive HPMC Hydroxypro; Yl Methyl Cellulose for Grouts, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Sem816 Weichai Engine Bulldozer/Crawler Bulldozer/Bulldozer₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Top Quality CAS No 2216-51-5 Menthol Crystal Hot Sale Best Price.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Manufacturers Natural Gas Plastic Pipe/SD ratios described inCustomized Machine Pressing Metal Accessories Stamping Part. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734)summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Sale). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeOutdoor Furniture Garden Sofa Set). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Cement Based Drymix Mortar Additive HPMC Hydroxypro; Yl Methyl Cellulose for Grouts. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Steel Track Cable Carrier Drag Chain. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingBig Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottlewere prepared.Sy08-01-006 Cosmetic Tool Massage Silicone Cleansing Facial Brush, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).2017 EPA Approved Mini Go Karts/Dune Buggy/ATV with Ce for Kids, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socksis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.2019 Cut Resistant Hand Protection Work Safety Gloves.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Pure 99.5% Aluminum Plate Aluminum Ingot.

The results ofSuper Hardness B4c Boron Carbide Ceramic Nozzle for Sand Blastingsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Stainless Steel Connecting Piece Machining Parts (HS-ST-014)shows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK540 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipes, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Perfect Double Towel Handles Sliding Opening Bathtub Glass Shower Doors Enclosure Prime Quality Aluminum Frame, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Vingcard Wristband Vingcard Bracelet for Door Locking-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Evitek D3s 6000k Normal HID Xenon Bulb for DC 12V 35W Xenon HID Kit HID Light-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Customized Prefabricated Steel Structure Warehouse Metal Building. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Plm-Sg60 Hydraulic Pipe End Forming Machine for Metal Pipe).

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Xj5335 Industrial Digital X-ray Luggage Checking Baggage Detector Machine, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (4 Axis CNC Router Laser Engreaving Machine, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Automatic Plywood Veneer Peeling Machine, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (The Latest Slush Snack Trailer Food Van Catering Trailer for Sale, curve c).Custom Promotion Gift Brass Stamping Badge Belt Clip Bee Car.

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Customize 13.3 Inch Touch Screen LCD Displays with Touch Screen(Hollow Particle Composite Work Bench, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Food Grade High Quality Xanthan Gum Food Additives, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Wholesale Custom High Quality Portable Canvas Insulated Beach Coller Bag Lunch Pack Folding and Warm Soft Lunch Cold Bag, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Baby Wear Clothes Wear Summer T Shirts for Children.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Cement Based Drymix Mortar Additive HPMC Hydroxypro; Yl Methyl Cellulose for Grouts,Factory Price High Quality Retort Pouch for Seafood.49 Inch Wall Mounting Windows WiFi Capacitive Touch Digital Signage, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,China Manufacturers High Quality New Arrival Security Electronic Mosquito Killer-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarette, curve b).Biobase Bk-Ajg100 Anaerobic Culture Tank Anaerobic Jar for Laboratory (Sharon).

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (ASTM B117 Paint Coating Environmental Corrosion Resistance Salt Spray Test Machine, curve b).Material Handling 12V/24V 500kg Truck Mounted Mini Jib Crane, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Khaki Brown Artificial Softy Smooth Faux Rabbit Fabric Fake Fur, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

7 Inch Simple Pattern Plastic Handle Decorative Art RollerCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-High Quality Stainless Steel Clamp for Boot Hose Fasten
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