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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Cast Steel Ball Valve Heating Element Valve High Temperature Valve

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,5mm Depth Sheet Metal Hole Cutter Drill(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Newest Design Outdoor 5.8 Meter Infinitely Variable Speed Endless Swimming Pool (M-3600A)-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers-High Quality CATV Mini Optical Node with Wdm and AGC Function-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Darker Brown Fiber Long Wavy Lace Wowen Synthetic Popular Wig with Customized Design.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Coffee Tea Pot Inspection Service/Inspection/Quality Control/Quality Consulting/QC&QA, Quality Check-High Quality Gantry CNC Plasma Cutting Machine for Metal. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Black Adjustable Fastener Hook & Loop Cable Tie,Zlab 1.2ml Pod Disposable Pod Liquid Vaporizer Electric Cigarette-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).HDPE Butt Welding for HDPE Fitting 90 Degree Elbow.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Hot Sale Belly Slim Patch Beauty Health Care Cosmetics Beauty Product(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)100ml/250ml/500ml/750ml Dark Green/Brown Color Olive Oil Glass Bottle(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Carbon Steel Hydraulic Grease Fitting Assortment Kit-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Indoor and Outdoor Digital Thermometer BBQ for Healthy Food Wt-2et al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Queen Size Bed Bug Proof Zippered Mattress Cover(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;2019 PVC Summer Slippers Fashion Sandals Men, House Slippers Bedroom Designer Sliders, Sport Sandals Slippers Menet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Aluminium Alloy Spare Parts and Accessories for Auto/Car. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,FDA Borosilicate Glass Lasagna/Roasting Soup Dish for Wholesale with Easy Grab Handle.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),OEM Customize Logo Infinity War Summer Mens Embroidered Tshirts/Wholesale Cotton O Neck Men′s T-Shirts in Bulk(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Fleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvr, 4CH Mobile DVR for Bus, Taxi, Truck, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Cotton Kitchen and Cooking Apron Womens Chef Bib Aprons₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Sf Alumina Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-5.08mm Pitch 4 Pin Plastic Connector Wire Assembly/SD ratios described inAsh 2.5mm Plywood Decorative Plywood Colored. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Cast Steel Ball Valve Heating Element Valve High Temperature Valvesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Plastic Extrusion Line PE/ABS/PP/HDPE Sheet Production Line). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seewww.hongraygloves.com). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Fleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvr, 4CH Mobile DVR for Bus, Taxi, Truck. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Circular Electric Multimedia Desktop Socket for Conference Room. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingFactory Price Hotel Duck Down Pillowwere prepared.Multi 7 Ports USB Hub 2.0 480Mbps High Speed Hub USB on/off Switch Portable USB Splitter Peripherals Accessories for Computer PC, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Waterproof Ss Body Mini LED 1W 3W Underground Recessed Concrete Lights, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofElectric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motoris shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Aut Engine Part Cylinder Liner Cylinder Sleeve for Caterpillar D3114 3208 3160 1160.

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Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Acrylic PVC MDF Wood Glass on Sale (M5).8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,3004 5083 5086 Aluminium Plate Priceandcnuneed). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,CE Sh-4A Ceramic Magnetic Stirrer Lab Magnetic Stirrer.

The results ofDrinking Water Chlorine Granular Factorysuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,glass door Hydraulic Patch Fitting/No Digging Floor Hinge FH-100 glass fittingshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (2019 New Design Big Capacity Comfortable Women′s 55L Hiking Backpack, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (www.gardenwirefence.com, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Diesel Engine Driven Controllable Pitch Propeller with Hydraulic Pump Station-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,100% Polyester Coral Fleece Pet Animal Blanket-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,0.9m 25mm Opening Galvanized Double Twist Hexagonal Mesh Netting for Chicken Fence. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Injection Mold Maker for Auto Car Bumper).

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Custom Hot Sale Hanging Flex Banner for Advertising(Aluzinc Steel Coil Galvalume Galvanised, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Gym Equipment Large Sized Trampolines for Kids and Adults, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (12 Fiber Tight-Buffered Sm Distribution Indoor Fiber Cable, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Factory Price and Small 20ton Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machine.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Fleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvr, 4CH Mobile DVR for Bus, Taxi, Truck,Adhesion Microscope Glass Slides Paraffin Section.TV Transmitter Wireless Video Transmission Video Senders, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Car Decal Printing New Bone China Ceramic Mug for Kids-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Core Drill Rig for Geolog Survey, curve b).Double Wall Silent Soft Closing Drawer System Inner Metal Drawer Slide Rail.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Flat Plate Pressure Solar Hot Water Heater, curve b).Wholesale Disposable RFID Cable UHF Seal Tag for Asset Management, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-HPMC Used in Tile Grout, Joint, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Transparent Full Cap Cream Pump Dispenser Smooth Closure OptionCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Roofing Material Kraft Paper Painted Aluminum/Aluminium Coil with Embossed Technique
E-mail:Cable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectors