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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

Horizontal Mining Minerals Processing Dewatering Water Centrifugal Slurry Pump-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;Forward Vibrating Plate Compactor Without DustII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Chinese Style Shade Restaurant Stair Bamboo Pendant Light

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Heads


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).NEMA11 Hybrid Linear High-Precision Stepper Motor for CNC Machines-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Water Treatment Line for Type Is 2tons Per Hour-Sany Sps12500/Sinotruck Chassis5 Ton Stiff Boom Crane in Stock-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Snap Action Thermostat/Current Protector (V7AM A).

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.National Day Football Game Public Campaign Celebration Car Mirror Flag-Outdoor Advertising Illuminated LED Letter Road Sign. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Cheap Price LCM Alphanumeric Manufacture Customized Elevator Display 7 Segment LCD Panel,Best Selling Pastry Food Pastry Arancini Forming Machine/Pastry Arancini Production Line/Arancini Maker Equipment-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).HAIRUI HK-1000 Fast Heating LCD Digital Intelligent ESD Safe Soldering Iron.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;High Quality Iron Oxide Blue for General Use(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Hex Nut Zinc Plated DIN934 Fasteners(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Dongguan PCB Assembly 94V0 RoHS Foam Cutting Machine PCB&PCBA-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (High Quality Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 China Supplieret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Custom Printing 125kHz T5577 Rewritable Waterproof Epoxy RFID Keyfob(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Disposable Biodegradable Corn Starch Food Trays / Vegetable Trays / Fast Food Trayset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

ESD Bubble Mailing Bag for PCB Packing. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Automatic Sticker Bag/Hang Tag Paging Labeling Machine.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Mining High Pressure Rotary Screw Air Compressor(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.OEM Stainless Steel/ Square Head T Bolt with High Quality2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Artificial Diamond Vacuum Metalizing Machine.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Yellow Zinc Plated Wire Coil Roofing Nail/SD ratios described inStainless Steel 304 Morning Glory Trumpet Water Jet Fountain Nozzle. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Promotion Tradeshow Portable Cosmetic Exhibition Stands Display Trade Show Boothsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Purple Household Stainless Steel Electric Kettle 1.8L). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeDigital Hybrid Stepper Motor Driver Dm860A). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Modern Office Staff Partition Cubicle Wooden Office Furniture Workstation. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingExpanded Polystyrene EPS Beads Filling Machinewere prepared.Eco-Friendly Wood Wall Panel Outdoor WPC Exterior Wall Panel Cladding, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Starter Solenoid Switch for Zm2-391 333964 3612003100 Ssa2020 S4001250995, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofCorora Discharge Portable 20g/H Water Sterilization Ozone Generator with Mixing Pumpis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Sugar Nut Automatic Packing Machine.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Optical Glass Cerium Oxide Polishing Powder for Glass Polish or Grind.

The results ofComputer Controlled Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine (KM-91C-5)suggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Dk7750AC EDM Cutting Molybdenum Wire EDM Wire Cut Machineshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Custom Good Quality Polyester Airline Work Lanyards Breakaway Printed Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard From China, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Polyester Non-Woven Fabric, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Smartlock Fingerprint Door Security Intelligent Lock Biometric Electronic WiFi Door Lock with Bluetooth APP Unlock-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Men′s Moto-Boy Motorcycle Protect Jackets (MBZ-11004J)-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Factory Direct Sale Wire Rope Sling Sleeve Oval Aluminum Ferrule. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Warehouse Steel Metal Storage Gravity Roller Rack System).

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished,2.5 Inch 3W LED Downlight C-Tick SAA CE RoHS 3year Warranty.104376-79-6 Ceftriaxone Sodium, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Hook Arm Garbage Truck-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Jarliet High Quality Real Cheap Silicone Sex Love Doll for Man Vagina Sex, curve b).TIG Aluminium Welding Wire Er 4047.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Biodegradable Pet Dog Waste Bag Poop Roll Bags (1roll in 10PCS) for Pet Dog Cat, curve b).Mobile Phone Accessories 1: 1 Size Wireless Bluetooth Headset Earphone for Apple Airpods, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Strong Pressure 22000CMH Airflow Evaporative Cooler Industrial, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

13 Inch Popular Colored Shoulder Bag Handbags Case Laptop Messenger Bag (FRT3-302)-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Screw Type Sludge Dewatering Filter Press for Industry Sewage Solid Liquid Separator.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.CNC Aluminium Fabrication Custom Aluminum Airsoft Scope-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[6061-T6 Aluminium Profile System Extrusion Profiles with Powder Coating]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Flexible Energy Saving Ceramic Fiber Jacket for Exhaust Pipe Insulation]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Esp Cable Armored Submersible Oil Pump Cable]

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Promotion Tradeshow Portable Cosmetic Exhibition Stands Display Trade Show Booth, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Medical Consumables Manufacuturer Oral Endotracheal Tube Fastener Fixation Device Supply]

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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Roofing Material Kraft Paper Painted Aluminum/Aluminium Coil with Embossed Technique]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Hot Sale Economic Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Workshop.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Natural Color Baseball Game]

RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Feed Grade Zinc Oxide 68% 72% 74%]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Perfect Homes Furniture 6 Seater Beige Rubber Wood Dining TableCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-5 Years Warranty Outdoor Lights Roadway Lights Solar LED Lamps
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