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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

LED Buried Light LED Flood Light LED Flood Lamp LED Outdoor Light 12W/18W/24W/36W/48W LED Floodlighting News Items-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;Plastic Extrusion Line PE/ABS/PP/HDPE Sheet Production LineII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,3 Pin Power Cords

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Anti Climb and Anti Cut Fence Security 358 Fence


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,High Quality Grade Galvanized/ Hot DIP Galvanized Threaded Rod(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Monitor Stand Riser with Drawers, Sturdy Desk Organizer Laptop Stand with Keyboard Storage, Office Computer-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.1mm-5mm Silver Golden Cut Size Acrylic PMMA Mirror Plate-Plastic Water Tap with The Safety Measures-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-3D Acrylic Lamp 3D Night Light LED Optical Illusion Lamp 7 Colors Dimmable USB Rechargeable Battery Powered Acrylic Warm Desk Lamps Christmas Gift for Girls.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Sterile Disposable Syringe Luer Slip/Lock with Needle-Wholesale Debossed Embossed Logo Custom Black Silicone Wristband Bracelet. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).28mm Domed Dpdt Latching Push Button Switch,Light Steel H Beam Metal Building Steel Structure Construction Workshop Office Villa Factory Storage Prefab Warehouse Cowshed Shelter Poultry House Storage-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Personalised New Arrival Ladies High Heel Shoes Can Customized 47# Dress Shoes.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Transformer Vacuum Oil Filtration Machine Oil Filter Zlyc-100(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)1-Door Vertical Beverage Refrigerated Supermarket Showcase(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Tungsten Carbide Grits 4-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Bushes and Shanks with Full Plain Pin-Plate, Press-Fit Pinset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/China Zibo Nature 5% 10% 18% Na2so4 Fdn-a Fdn-Ai Fdn-Aii Naphthalene Sulfonate Water-Reducing Admixture, Naphthalene Based Superplasticizer for Concrete(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Acrylic Wine Display Stand Holder, Clear, 3 Tier, for 9 Bottles, Acrylic Wine Display, Acrylic Wine Display Boxet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

375W Good Quality Mini Concrete Pan Mixers. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,2019 Hot Sales 360 Degree Rotate Interchangeable Temple Folding Plastic Reading Glasses.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Bathroom 8mm Glass Walk-in Shower Room(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Portable RO Water Purified Pure Fresh Water Vending Machine for Sale, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.High Quality Easy Operation Twin Screw Extruder Machine2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Rich Tungsten Wire Mesh Tungsten Mesh/SD ratios described in70W Outdoor Integrated Solar Aluminum LED Street Light Housing. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Gravel Driveway/Consturction/Terram 50mm Hight Geocellsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (High Quality Anionic Polyacrylamide Powder for Water Treatment). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see60kg/M3 Plastic PVC Foam Core for FRP Vacuum Infusion Boat). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Portable RO Water Purified Pure Fresh Water Vending Machine for Sale. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Stainless Steel Tank Surface Grinding Machine Price List. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations according10L/D LED Display Good Look Home Dehumidifier for Cabinetwere prepared.Cheap ABS Injection Molded Plastic Parts Molding Manufacturer for Sale, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Hinged Type Slot Bar Air Diffuser for Ventilation Use, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofHigh Rating 2 in 1 LCD Wave Hair Crimper Magic Curling Hair Styler Hair Curler Curling Ironis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Slaughterhouse/Buther Waste Processing Machine for Meat and Bone Meal.

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5V 1.2A 6W DC USB Travel Mobile Phone Accessories.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Loctite Glue Loctie 596 Super Glue for Plastics RubberandCeramic Frit Crucible Furnace). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,High Temperature Resistant of Tarpaulin.

The results ofLow-Cost Industrial Grade HPMC Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Chemical Additivesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact, Machinery Equipmentshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (2018 Junyuan New Design Wholesale Breathable Baby Carrier for Newborn Baby, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (10sets Free Dies Crimper Gates Hose Crimping Machine, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Vacuum Formed Blister Packaging Different Count Plastic Fruit Cavity Tray for Apple Peach-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,G550 Full Hard Aluzinc Steel / Anti Finger Galvalume Coils-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,for Office Use Coffee Vending Machine F305t. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply).

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3m Quality White Red Prismatic Conspicuity Reflective Vehicle Tape, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Single or Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3202 3203 3204 7205 7306, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Saudi ASTM A252 Grade 3 Carbon Steel Pipe ASTM A53, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Cat Scratching Tree, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Wall Mounted Micro Bidet Shattaf Fixing Screws Spray Nozzles, curve c).Cone Crusher Accessories Filter Cartridge Element Apply to Metso HP200.

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Custom Cartoon Funny Novelty Unicorn Cotton Cute 3D Art Low Cut Ankle Socks(Metal Hydraulic Rod Polish Buffing Equipment, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (2W 220V Mini Cute 3 Household Clean Water Submersible Pump Motor, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Automatic Rotary Pickles Packaging Machine, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Deekon German Style Army Military Aluminium Canteen Mess Tin.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Portable RO Water Purified Pure Fresh Water Vending Machine for Sale,Cellulose Ether Mhec Used in Tile Cement From China Factory.Factory OEM Robot Manipulator Part Rubber Vacuum Sucker with Screw Joint, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Okh Brand Water Based Acrylic Printed BOPP Tape-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Automatic CNC Animal Bird Cages Mesh Welding Machine, curve b).Feed Grade Zinc Oxide 68% 72% 74%.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (23.8′′ 1080P HD Touch Monitor with Projected Capacitive Touch Screen, curve b).20 Watts Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-26 Pin Male Vertical High Density D- Sub Connector, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;1050 1060 1100 Aluminum Coil Aluminum Foil, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for HDPE PVC Pipe Tube]

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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Hot Sale Brass / Zinc Shattaf Hand Held Bidet Sprayery2330)]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[1000kgs Flake Ice Machine for Commercial Use]

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RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[UL 94 Plastic Flammability Tester China Manufacture]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.Customized Machining Service CNC Hardware Milling Machining Components(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Tunnel Electrical Spraying Shotcrete Machine with Spare Parts]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Popular and Practical Fruit Refrigerated Cabinet Commercial MultideckCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Corora Discharge Portable 20g/H Water Sterilization Ozone Generator with Mixing Pump
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