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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
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ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure Storage Warehouse/Shed(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Aluminium Material Cutting off Machine/Automatic Cutting CNC Type Two Head/Aluminium and PVC Automatic Double Head Cutting Saw/CNC Double Head Miter Saw-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesale-Factory Price 1000 Ml White UV Ink for Ricoh UV Printer-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-New Arrival Decal Porcelain Dinnerware Wholesale Tableware China Cookware Factory Party Supplier.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller-Automotive Metal High Quality Metal Stamping. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Competitive Price Feeding Storage Silo for Sale,OEM Brand High Precision Cylindrical Roller Bearing for Large and Medium-Sized Motor-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Price UHP Grade Graphite Electrode with Tapered Nipple for Steel Mills, Block, Powder, Mould, Sheet.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Home Automation Smart Bidet PCBA Board(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Exterior Facade Invisible Frame Reflective Blue Glass Curtain Wall Price(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Nippon Paint 30-600mm Width Prepainted Color Coated Steel Strip-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Heat Insulation Materials Product Aluminum Foil Non Woven Fabric Rollset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Electric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motoret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Sale. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,1/2 Inch 79 Degree Sr K5.6 Fire Sprinkler.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Dahan Self-Erecting Construction Building Tower Crane Qtz315 (7530)(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Non-Curing Rubber Modified Bitumen Waterproof Coating2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-1 3-PCS Female Thread Screw PTFE Floating Stainless Steel Ball Valve/SD ratios described inAll Series Industry Staple Nails. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.CNC Aluminium Fabrication Custom Aluminum Airsoft Scopesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (40W CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Leather). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeCopper Sulphate Pentahydrate Feed Grade). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2 Layer Electronics Smart Toilet Seat Bidet PCBA Board. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingIndustrial Precision Chiller Water Chiller with High Efficiencywere prepared.Trailer Parker Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Tk-Jc2104 Caster Wheel for Sliding Door Wholesale, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofMicrofiber Cleaning Cloth for Glasses or Electronic Productsis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Custom Precision CNC Machining Parts Machining Stainless Steel 316.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Press Molding Weather Resistant Water Proof Industry Rubber Grommet.
The results ofFactory Price and Small 20ton Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machinesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesaleshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Acid Blue 25, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Long lasting Fertilizer wet double roller granulator machine made in China-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,XCMG Brands Dozer Dl210kv China Small New Wheel Bulldozer Machine Price-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,M12 Pin Cable Connector Male Female. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel).
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set,Jublilation Firecrackers Import Powerful Red Firecracker in Malaysia.5mm/0.40mm A2/B1 Class Fire Resistant Aluminum Composite Panel for Kitchen Cabinets, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Rubber Oil Gasoline Hose for Fuel Dispenser Pump-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Flexible PVC Rubber High-Intensity Polyester Fiber Reinforced Natural Gas Hose, curve b).Warranty 15+Years High Quality Material Negative Pressure Fan From China.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Hot Sale Mini 4000kg Reefer Van Refrigeration Units Truck, curve b).Flat Bed Horizontal CNC Lathe Machine Ck6140 China Cheap and Economic CNC Lathe, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Retro DOT Truck Reflective Tape, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
[Qisong] Universal Performance Exhaust Tips for Automobile-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.CNC Milling Services for Dji Drone Toy Drone Aluminum 7075 6061 Material.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.New Design Hot Stamping PVC Ceiling & PVC Wall Panel for MID East Market-Manual Stainless Steel Strapping Tool.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.10tons Payload 6*4 Dongfeng Tipper for Engineering-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Gymate Indoor Bicycle Sporting Goods Mechanical Belt Exercise Bike]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Water Treatment Line for Type Is 2tons Per Hour]
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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Yemen Mocha Drip Coffee Bagging Machine, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[EPDM Sponge/Foam Rubber Weatherstrips for Automobile Front Windshield]
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LOPES, L.B.;Yemen Mocha Drip Coffee Bagging Machine, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Automotive Air Conditioning Motor Suppliers for Sale]
MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Low Voltage Step Down 12V 24V Toroidal Transformer]
MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding Machine for Medical Goods 55t]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Indoor and Outdoor Digital Thermometer BBQ for Healthy Food Wt-2]
RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Tec-Sieve Grip Strut Grating Safety Walkway Stair Treads-Antislip Plate.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Zip Up Beach Bag]
RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Multiple-Layers Plasitc Pesticide Bottle Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine]
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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Hot Dipped Galvanized 3D Wire Mesh Fence Panel 1030mm X 2500mm]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Swimming Pool Vanward Tankless Used Wall Gas Water Heater[Jsd-Pfb11p4]Correspondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-Vitamin E 50% Feed Grade Certified by Famiqs
E-mail:Waterproof Anti-Pilling Fleece Picnic Blanket














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