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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
TPE Silicone Expension Vibrating Heating Realistic Dildo Sex Toy with USB Rechargeable-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes
Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Metal Hydraulic Rod Polish Buffing Equipment
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Touch Screen Panel for Interactive Table, 32Open Frame IR Touch Monitor(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Convenient Use Plastic Injection Daily Use Crate Mould-Lab Supply Recombinant Human EGF for Anti-Aging CAS No. 62253-63-8-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Professional Shr Machine/Opt/IPL Beauty Equipment for Hair Removal.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Industry Grade 316 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Ss ASTM A213 Tp316 Tp316L 316L Pipe & Tube Price-Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Trapezoid Roofing Sheet, Glassfiber Panel. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Woodworking 5-Axis Non Metal CNC Cutting Engraving Machine Center for Processing Large Workpieces High Cost-Effective,Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;5oz Paper Container Paper Cup for Dessert/Disposable Party Use Ice Cream/Yogurt Paper Bowl(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Craft Paper Automatic Adhesive Tape Cutting Machine(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Electric Laminated Pdlc Privacy Switchable Dimming Transparent SPD Residential Windows Smart Glass-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fittinget al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliableet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
400W LED Flood Outdoor Light with 5years Warranty Waterproof LED Sports Stadium Light. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,One Stop Solution for Cheaper Hook & Loop Carpet Tape.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Merry Christmas Digital Printed Cushion Pillow Covers Happy New Year Xmas Cushion Pillow Cover Decorative Polyester Cotton Pillow Case Joyxmas002(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.10.1 Inch TFT LCD Display 1280X800 TFT LCD Matrix Module2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-TV Bracket for Most 13-27 Tvs/SD ratios described inFleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvr. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Air Cooled Dx Type Air Conditioner Rooftop ACsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (China Supplier Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Household Food Packing Alu Foil Jumbo Roll Price). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSport Women Shirt). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingAutomatic Feeding Lead Edge Rotary Die-Cutter Machine for Carton Boxwere prepared.Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Mini Gas Spring for Electronics Yql, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofKhaki Brown Artificial Softy Smooth Faux Rabbit Fabric Fake Furis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Advertising Hologram Display 3D Holographic Fan, 3D LED Fan, 3D Hologram Fan Hologram Fan Manufacturer.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Air Conditioner for Large Commercial Events Exhibition Wedding Tent Hall.
The results ofHot Selling HSDPA 1A Waterproof 3G/4G Lte Outdoor Routersuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Long lasting Fertilizer wet double roller granulator machine made in Chinashows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Epoxy Resin Capacitor Cbb61 12UF 450VAC, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (2 Gallon Metal Can, curve b). The DSC curves for non-4 Post Car Lift Cl-6440/Car Lifter/Car Hoist/OEM & ODM Available-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,High Ground Clearance Self Propelled Boom Sprayer-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Outdoor Four Way Stretch Lightweight Hunting Pants. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Most Advanced Danish Motor Operated Portable Dental Chair Unit Dental Equipment).
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine,Holiday Summer Outdoor Shopping Ladies Straw Backpack Beach Bag.Dk7750AC EDM Cutting Molybdenum Wire EDM Wire Cut Machine, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Black Wire Cloth (filter wire mesh)-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Stainless Steel Frame Sliding Door Shower Room Screen Shower Enclosure, curve b).Outdoor IP65 High Power LED Road Lamp 150W COB LED Street Light Fixture.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (450~1500mm Coil Width Stainless Steel Reversible Cold Rolling Mill, curve b).510 1ml Glass Vape Cartridge for Glass Vape Cbd Oil Vaporizer Vape Pen Cartridge, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Ronggui Professional Nail Tools Foot Pedicure Callus Remover for Dead Skin Removal, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
Leisure Type Office Seating with Leather Padding-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
REFERENCES
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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Automatic Pet Bottle Blowing Machine with Mold 7200bph.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Aging Cell Products Made in China]
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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.1/4 Stainless Steel Meg Spray Nozzle for Pressure Washer-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[High Speed Automatic Alcohol Prep Pad Packaging Machine]
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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.0.14-2.5mm Thickness Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[Stainless Steel Cut Wire in Ripple or in Spools]
FORRADADA, M.; ESTELRICH, J. Encapsulation of thioguanine in liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.124, p.261-269, 1995.[0-180 Degree Binocular LED Surgical Ent Dental Operation Microscope]
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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Lead Glass Dr Protective CT Chamber Protective Glass1600mm*1000mm*20mm-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Wholesale Clear Transparent PMMA Plexiglass Plastic Sheet Acrylic Sheet]
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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Jacquard 100% Cotton 300tc Comfortable Standard Hotel White Goose Down Pillow/Cushion]
LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Baby Plastic Booster Seat]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Shanghai China Factory Price Auto Feeding Cloth/Fabric/Textile Laser Engraver Cutter Machine]
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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Bifenthrin 25g/L Ec]
MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Hot Sale PC LED Tube Light Housing Batten Extrusion Machine]
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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.High Quaity Xanthan Gum Hv with Best Pice(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Original Memory Card Ultra SD Card Micro SD Card Class 10 Memory Card 16GB]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Basin DrainerCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-High Quality Drum Heater, IBC Heater, Drum Heating Blanket, Heating Jacket for Drum, Tank, Cylinder
E-mail:Die Casting Mould Mold / Moulding














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