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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
Waterproof Ss Body Mini LED 1W 3W Underground Recessed Concrete Lights-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes
Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
Luciana Biagini LopesI;Aut Engine Part Cylinder Liner Cylinder Sleeve for Caterpillar D3114 3208 3160 1160II; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,150w High Bay Led Manufacturers Cheap Price
ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Acrylic PVC MDF Wood Glass on Sale (M5)
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,CE Sh-4A Ceramic Magnetic Stirrer Lab Magnetic Stirrer(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Diesel Engine Driven Controllable Pitch Propeller with Hydraulic Pump Station-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.100% Polyester Coral Fleece Pet Animal Blanket-0.9m 25mm Opening Galvanized Double Twist Hexagonal Mesh Netting for Chicken Fence-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Multifunctional Ultrasound Beauty Instrument Portable Diamond Peel Hydrogen Facial Bio Lifting Face Machine.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Brass Pipe Fitting - Reducing Elbow (tubing, plumbing laser pex-al-pex pipe fitting)-Custom Hot Sale Hanging Flex Banner for Advertising. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Factory Price and Small 20ton Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Adhesion Microscope Glass Slides Paraffin Section-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).TV Transmitter Wireless Video Transmission Video Senders.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Car Decal Printing New Bone China Ceramic Mug for Kids(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Double Wall Silent Soft Closing Drawer System Inner Metal Drawer Slide Rail(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Wholesale Disposable RFID Cable UHF Seal Tag for Asset Management-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (HPMC Used in Tile Grout, Jointet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Woodworking Table Panel Saw Machine for Furniture Making(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Electroplated Diamond Hole Saw for Glasset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Private Label High Quality Moisturizing Apple Stem Cell Essence for Whitening Skin Care(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Ots Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Gas Powered Jack Hammer Rock Drilling for Drilling Rig2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-200000 High Viscosity Cellulose HPMC/SD ratios described inSanitary Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting Tee Reducer Union Elbow. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Automatic CNC Animal Bird Cages Mesh Welding Machinesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (23.8′′ 1080P HD Touch Monitor with Projected Capacitive Touch Screen). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeHinge For Heavy Door). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Ots Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
PVC Coated Tarpaulin for Tents, Truck Cover, Carport, Inflatable Materials.. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingPlastic Honey Anime Figure Car Decoration Toywere prepared.New Arrival Gemstone Jewelry Rose Gold Color Turquoise Necklace Choker for Women, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Descriptionmaterial: PP+ Cardboardsize: 280X315X50mmsuitable for: A4color: Black/Red/Green/Bluepackage Included: 1X Lever Arch File Folder, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofY90-112D Yuanze 5 Pin 12V General Power Relayis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Environmental Protection Scc102b Long Effect Antirust Emulsified Oil From China Supplier.
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Sanitary Stainless Steel Phe Plate Heat Exchanger.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,OEM Rubber Seals Rubber Bush Rubber BumperandPopular in Bahamas 828mm Double-Sided Coated Color Steel Antique Glazed Tile). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Metal Clip U Shape PVC Edge Trim Seal Helmet Edging Trim.
The results ofPVC Laminated Calcium Silicate Ceiling Tilesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Industrial Air Flow Distribution Powder Curing Oven with Electrical Heatershows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Bedroom Furniture MFC Wooden Panel 2door with Drawer Wardrobe, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Room Spray Gift Set Limited Edition Fragrance Aldi Luxury Fragrance Reed Diffuser, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Plastic Pipe (PAP) Pipe for Hot and Cold Water and Heating-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Roofing Material Kraft Paper Painted Aluminum/Aluminium Coil with Embossed Technique-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Custom Plastic Box with Blister Tray (PVC box). Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (High Quality CATV Mini Optical Node with Wdm and AGC Function).
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TPE Silicone Expension Vibrating Heating Realistic Dildo Sex Toy with USB Rechargeable(Set of 8 New Iridium Spark Plugs # 12625058 Acdelco Professional # 41-103, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Maldives Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Warehouse Steel Storage Shed, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (12V 5ah AGM Rechargeable Sealed Lead Acid UPS Battery, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.D Shaft 12V Stepper Motor NEMA 17 for 3D Printer.
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Ots Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer,Metal Hydraulic Rod Polish Buffing Equipment.Touch Screen Panel for Interactive Table, 32Open Frame IR Touch Monitor, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Sugar Nut Automatic Packing Machine, curve b).Convenient Use Plastic Injection Daily Use Crate Mould.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Customized Strong Colored PP Diamond Braided Rope for Bunding, curve b).Lab Supply Recombinant Human EGF for Anti-Aging CAS No. 62253-63-8, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Professional Shr Machine/Opt/IPL Beauty Equipment for Hair Removal, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
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KIM, C.K.; JEONG, E.J.Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fitting-adjuvant for hepatitis b surface antigen.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.115, p.193-199, 1995.[Dapeng Laser Machine Ipg 20W Fiber Marking Machine]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Sand Casting Eye and Hook Turnbuckles with Zinc Plating (DIN1480)]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Professional Air Compression Device Pressotherapy Machine]
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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[15cbm Sewage Sucking Tanker Vacuum Cleaner Suction Truck for Sale]
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LOPES, L.B.;Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Waste Water Treatment Mbr Equipment]
MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Cotton Kitchen and Cooking Apron Womens Chef Bib Aprons]
MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Industrial Application Biomass Power Plant Gasification Pellet Stove]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Korloy Sp500 Nc3030 Milling Insert for Milling Tool Carbide Insert]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Trade Assurance Supplier Rigid Drainage Black Steel PipeCorrespondence:
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Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-8inch Explosion-Proof Fan Pneumatic Air Ventilator Fan
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