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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Custom Latest Designs Modern Simple 1024 Alloy Aluminium Frame Glass Sliding Doors

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Wireless Bluetooth Polysomnography Sleep Tracker(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Odor Removal Particulate Matter Activated Carbon Mask with Valve-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Low Carbon Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price-Customized Small Stainless Steel Shock Compression Spring Compression Coil Spring-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-70W Outdoor Integrated Solar Aluminum LED Street Light Housing.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.4K HDMI Splitter 1X8 HDMI Distributor 1 in 8 out 1.4V for HDTV DVD PS3-12kv Indoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Side Mounted Mechanism, Fzn25 Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker, High Voltage Vacuum Breaker, Indoor Vacuum Breaker. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Different Mesh of Erythritol Powder,Desktop Hot Sale Lab Electric Stirrer/Mixer-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Hot Sale Food Application Flower Tea Drying Machine.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;TXWF-110-2L 5V -24V DC Brushless Axial Stand Cooling Alarm Fan Motor(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Customized Strong Colored PP Diamond Braided Rope for Bunding(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Black Annealed Loop Ties-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Cement Based Drymix Mortar Additive HPMC Hydroxypro; Yl Methyl Cellulose for Groutset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Sem816 Weichai Engine Bulldozer/Crawler Bulldozer/Bulldozer(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Top Quality CAS No 2216-51-5 Menthol Crystal Hot Sale Best Priceet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Manufacturers Natural Gas Plastic Pipe. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Custom Sublimation Yoga Wear Women Fitness Tight Leggings Design 7.8 Length Legging Pants.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Auto Parts K03 Shaft Wheel(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Metal Bunk Bed, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Steel Track Cable Carrier Drag Chain₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Sy08-01-006 Cosmetic Tool Massage Silicone Cleansing Facial Brush.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-2017 EPA Approved Mini Go Karts/Dune Buggy/ATV with Ce for Kids/SD ratios described in20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Circular Electric Multimedia Desktop Socket for Conference Roomsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (2000L/H RO Reverse Osmosis EDI Electrodeionization Deionized Water Treatment System for Pharmaceutical). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeAluminum Die Casting Clothing Cutting Accessories). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Metal Bunk Bed. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Vingcard Wristband Vingcard Bracelet for Door Locking. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingStainless Steel Automobile Rubber Lined Clampwere prepared.Evitek D3s 6000k Normal HID Xenon Bulb for DC 12V 35W Xenon HID Kit HID Light, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Customized Prefabricated Steel Structure Warehouse Metal Building, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data of26 Pin Male Vertical High Density D- Sub Connectoris shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Xj5335 Industrial Digital X-ray Luggage Checking Baggage Detector Machine.

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Custom Promotion Gift Brass Stamping Badge Belt Clip Bee Car.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Instant Noodle Bread Biscuits Candy Pillow Filling Packing Machineand12V 4.2A USB Power Socket Car Charger for Toyota Vigo). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Customize 13.3 Inch Touch Screen LCD Displays with Touch Screen.

The results ofBridal Baroque Crown Wedding Headpiece Jewelry New Round Princess Crown (J02)suggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,CMP 25mm Ring Illuminated Push Button Switch with Big Buttonshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (High Quality Flat Light Gold Iron Bag Accessories Metal Chain for Handbags, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Three Way Pipe Tee Pipe Fitting, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Baby Wear Clothes Wear Summer T Shirts for Children-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Factory Price High Quality Retort Pouch for Seafood-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,49 Inch Wall Mounting Windows WiFi Capacitive Touch Digital Signage. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (China Top Forging Factory Produce Steel Forging with Customer′s Drawing).

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China Manufacturers High Quality New Arrival Security Electronic Mosquito Killer, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Safe and Reliable/ High Speed/ Carving Machine/ for Wood, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Fiberglass Paper for HEPA Mini Pleated Air Filter, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel Hex Bolt and Nut, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Aluminum Round Pipe, curve c).Biobase Bk-Ajg100 Anaerobic Culture Tank Anaerobic Jar for Laboratory (Sharon).

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Material Handling 12V/24V 500kg Truck Mounted Mini Jib Crane(Temperature Controller Class N Dental Vacuum Autoclave Sterilizer, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Manufacturer 11 Blower Fan Motor for Auto AC Parts, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Professional Cheap Aluminum Profile with Painting CNC Turning Parts, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Khaki Brown Artificial Softy Smooth Faux Rabbit Fabric Fake Fur.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Metal Bunk Bed,High Temperature Fireproof Alumina Silicate Ceramic Fiber Rope for Oven Sealing 1260c 550-700kg/M3, Round/Square/Twist Types China Zibo Rope Factory.SHXJ2200 CNC Wire Saw Machine, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,China Pallet Shuttle Rack System Manufacturer-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Black Lifesaving Surfing Life Vest with CE Approved (HT722), curve b).Spc 4mm 3.5mm 6mm Click Vinyl Floor for Living Room Rigid Core.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Customized Zamac3 Die Cast Small Heat Sink, curve b).Anti-Shock Rubber Flooring Mats Rubber Tiles for Indoor and Outdoor, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Ribbon Blender Powder Mixer Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Digital Display Strong Electrostatic Adsorption Powder Coating Spray Gun-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Hot Men′s Leather Hiking Shoes Trekking Shoes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Desktop Hot Sale Lab Electric Stirrer/MixerCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-OEM Fragrance Skin Moisturizing and Whitening Nourishing Body Lotion for Whole Body
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