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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

Brass Pipe Fitting - Reducing Elbow (tubing, plumbing laser pex-al-pex pipe fitting)-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;Custom Hot Sale Hanging Flex Banner for AdvertisingII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,m.jprmodel.com

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Factory Price and Small 20ton Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machine


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Adhesion Microscope Glass Slides Paraffin Section(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).TV Transmitter Wireless Video Transmission Video Senders-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Car Decal Printing New Bone China Ceramic Mug for Kids-Double Wall Silent Soft Closing Drawer System Inner Metal Drawer Slide Rail-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Wholesale Disposable RFID Cable UHF Seal Tag for Asset Management.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.HPMC Used in Tile Grout, Joint-Woodworking Table Panel Saw Machine for Furniture Making. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Electroplated Diamond Hole Saw for Glass,Free Sample Plastic Frisbee for Pet Dog-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Unisex Faux Leather Tote Backpack Bag Diaper Changing Pad - for Men and Women.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Private Label High Quality Moisturizing Apple Stem Cell Essence for Whitening Skin Care(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Ots Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Gas Powered Jack Hammer Rock Drilling for Drilling Rig-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Asia Aluminum Group PVDF Powder Coated Curtain Wall Aluminum Frameet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/200000 High Viscosity Cellulose HPMC(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;18V Electric Angle Grinder Power Tool Electric Tool Electric Grinderet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),PVC Coated Tarpaulin for Tents, Truck Cover, Carport, Inflatable Materials.(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-New Arrival Gemstone Jewelry Rose Gold Color Turquoise Necklace Choker for Women, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Descriptionmaterial: PP+ Cardboardsize: 280X315X50mmsuitable for: A4color: Black/Red/Green/Bluepackage Included: 1X Lever Arch File Folder2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Sanitary Stainless Steel Phe Plate Heat Exchanger/SD ratios described in6 Layer Printed Circuit Board for Industrial Control. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Darker Brown Fiber Long Wavy Lace Wowen Synthetic Popular Wig with Customized Designsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (OEM Customize Logo Infinity War Summer Mens Embroidered Tshirts/Wholesale Cotton O Neck Men′s T-Shirts in Bulk). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see5.5 Kw Oil Free Scroll Compressor Air Part). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-New Arrival Gemstone Jewelry Rose Gold Color Turquoise Necklace Choker for Women. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Custom Plastic Box with Blister Tray (PVC box). For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingBSCI Factory Made Custom Metal Car Badge Personal Novel Decorationwere prepared.Flexible PVC Rubber High-Intensity Polyester Fiber Reinforced Natural Gas Hose, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Light Keel Roll Forming Machine, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofMakute Electric Blower Mini Air Fan 600W Garden Toolsis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.TPE Silicone Expension Vibrating Heating Realistic Dildo Sex Toy with USB Rechargeable.

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D Shaft 12V Stepper Motor NEMA 17 for 3D Printer.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Best Quality Round Bamboo Cotton Reusable Makeup Remover Pads Washable Facial Cleaning PadandPopular Rice Husk Alfalfa Pellet Machine Mill Whole Pellet Line for Korea Market). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Metal Hydraulic Rod Polish Buffing Equipment.

The results of21.5 Inch Professional LCD Military Rugged Monitorssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Adaptor Herbal Adaptor Herbal Atomizer V12 Plus Glass Bubbler Kitshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (China Direct Manufacturer Supplied PU Polyurethane Seal, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Old Tire Shredder, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Touch Screen Panel for Interactive Table, 32Open Frame IR Touch Monitor-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Convenient Use Plastic Injection Daily Use Crate Mould. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (High Speed 1500W to 5000W Electric Motorcycle).

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Lab Supply Recombinant Human EGF for Anti-Aging CAS No. 62253-63-8, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Women′s Seamless Fleece Lined Slim Jeggings Jean Leggings with Real Pockets, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Building, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (6-hole Steering Wheels Quick Release, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Forward Vibrating Plate Compactor Without Dust, curve c).Professional Shr Machine/Opt/IPL Beauty Equipment for Hair Removal.

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Industry Grade 316 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Ss ASTM A213 Tp316 Tp316L 316L Pipe & Tube Price(High Capacity Leather & Tannery Sewage Belt Filter Press, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Portable RO Water Purified Pure Fresh Water Vending Machine for Sale, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Plastic Tool Boxes, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Trapezoid Roofing Sheet, Glassfiber Panel.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-New Arrival Gemstone Jewelry Rose Gold Color Turquoise Necklace Choker for Women,Woodworking 5-Axis Non Metal CNC Cutting Engraving Machine Center for Processing Large Workpieces High Cost-Effective.Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Large Diameter Ring Gear with Fly Wheel, curve b).5oz Paper Container Paper Cup for Dessert/Disposable Party Use Ice Cream/Yogurt Paper Bowl.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Wholesale Amber Glass Beer Bottle, curve b).Craft Paper Automatic Adhesive Tape Cutting Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Electric Laminated Pdlc Privacy Switchable Dimming Transparent SPD Residential Windows Smart Glass, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fitting-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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KIM, C.K.; JEONG, E.J.Wholesale Disposable Hot Pot From Hot Pack Plastic Box-adjuvant for hepatitis b surface antigen.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.115, p.193-199, 1995.[9 brushes tunnel high pressure machine car wash]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Stainless Steel Vibrating Feeder for Conveyors]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Stainless Steel Metal Stamping Tooling Stamping Die for Gas Cooker Oven]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Automatic Baby Talcum Powder Filling Machine]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Anti-Fatigue Comfort Mats Kitchen Padded Floor Mats Designer, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Congo Steel Structure Workshop Project]

LIMA, E.M.; OLIVEIRA, A.G.8inch Explosion-Proof Fan Pneumatic Air Ventilator Fan.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.28, p.673-680, 2002.[Ni-MH Industrial Battery]

LOPES, L.B.;Anti-Fatigue Comfort Mats Kitchen Padded Floor Mats Designer, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[J-Weight]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Customized Design Steel Structure Warehouse with Top Quality]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Small Package Water Cooled Chiller]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Counter Top Mini Beverage Display Cooler Showcase Sc-21]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Disposable Embroidered Full Colour Cotton Pillow CaseCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-4 Post Car Lift Cl-6440/Car Lifter/Car Hoist/OEM & ODM Available
E-mail:Fashion Designer Mummy Maternity Nappy/Diaper Bag/Backpack for Baby Care

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