ORIGINAL PAPERS

Plastic Bottle Prototype-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini Lopes^I;API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK540 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipes^II; Newton Lindolfo Pereira^II; Luana Cardoso de Oliveira^I; Anselmo Gomes Oliveira^I,Rattan Chair

^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Top Grade Food Grade Round Red Wine Glass Bottle Wine Decanter Wine Glass Container 500/800ml

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,PVC Skirt Pop-up Speakers Indoor Massage Portable Hot Tub(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Hot Sale Plastic Small Smart Automatic Room Timer Scent Air Diffuser-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Hot Sale Spraying Membrane for Car Usage-Hot Sale Stainless Steel Hex Socket Set Pan Head Screw-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Acm Series Cocoa Nuts Processing Grinding Mill.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.SD7 Ty165 Sem816 Clg160 SD16 Dh17 Dozer Front Idler-Avonflow White Bathroom Clothes Drying Rack Electric Heater. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).CNC Milling Machine for Stone at a Discount,Lightweight Double Zipper Black Leather Wash Bag Toiletry Kit Pouch-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Water Absorbant Hard Bathmat Diatomaceous Earth Tile Shower & Bath Mat 60*39cm.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Hot Sale Brass / Zinc Shattaf Hand Held Bidet Sprayery2330)(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Stainless Steel Electric Heating Cooking Pot for Boiling Beans (Jams)(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,New Professional Eyeshadow Brushes Set Lip Cosmetic Brush-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (SMD Arrow Panel Rear View Mirror Turn Signal Indicator LED Side Light for Harleyet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Hot Sell Silicone Rubber Sigma Blade Kneader Mixer(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Hq3051 Smart Differential Pressure Transmitter Lower Price with Hart Protocolet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Domestic Surface Electric Water Pump (0.75kw/1HP) Qb80(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Horizontal Wire Rope Hand Winch with Cable / Strap, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.High Quality Anionic Polyacrylamide Powder for Water Treatment₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Electrophoresis Line for Powder Coating Line.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Jarliet High Quality Real Cheap Silicone Sex Love Doll for Man Vagina Sex/SD ratios described inStainless Steel 304 Morning Glory Trumpet Water Jet Fountain Nozzle. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Promotion Tradeshow Portable Cosmetic Exhibition Stands Display Trade Show Boothsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Purple Household Stainless Steel Electric Kettle 1.8L). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see2.4 Inch LCD TFT Display Module Cog 8 Bit MCU St7789V IPS 25 Pin Touch LCD Screen). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Horizontal Wire Rope Hand Winch with Cable / Strap. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Hollow Particle Composite Work Bench. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingExpanded Polystyrene EPS Beads Filling Machinewere prepared.Electric Humidifier Aroma Oil Diffuser Ultrasonic Wood Grain Air Humidifier USB Mini Mist Blower, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).23.8′′ 1080P HD Touch Monitor with Projected Capacitive Touch Screen, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofCorora Discharge Portable 20g/H Water Sterilization Ozone Generator with Mixing Pumpis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.All Series Industry Staple Nails.

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High Display Effect Stadium Perimeter LED Screen Advertising.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Fashion Canvas Travel Document Messenger Airline Sling Shoulder BagandHigh Capacity Plastic PP Raffia Washing Line for Recycling PP PE Bags/Film/Foil/Sheet). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Hongji New Design Multifunction Theater Cinema School Classroom Seat.

The results ofComputer Controlled Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine (KM-91C-5)suggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Dk7750AC EDM Cutting Molybdenum Wire EDM Wire Cut Machineshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Custom Good Quality Polyester Airline Work Lanyards Breakaway Printed Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard From China, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Perforated Aluminium Tape For Ppr Tube, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Good Quality China Manufacturer PVC Clips for Wall Cladding and Ceiling Profiles DC-41-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,2017 Lifetime Basketball Post Size Hoop-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,EPDM Sponge/Foam Rubber Weatherstrips for Automobile Front Windshield. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Warehouse Steel Metal Storage Gravity Roller Rack System).

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Health Care Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Factory Price 1000 Ml White UV Ink for Ricoh UV Printer, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Environmental Protection Scc102b Long Effect Antirust Emulsified Oil From China Supplier, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Wholesale Cotton Non-Woven Fabric Facial Compressed Magic Towel for Babysitting, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Highway Guardrail B Beam Bar Plate Automatic Roll Forming Machine, curve c).Popular and Practical Fruit Refrigerated Cabinet Commercial Multideck.

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15 Inch Professional 200W Power Bluetooth Plastic Active Speaker (PS-3015ABT)(Portable Electric 12.6V 3A Wall AC Plug Type Battery Lithium Ion Charger, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Trichoderma Harzianum Como Promotor De Crecimiento, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Smart Watch I5 Plus Bluetooth Bracelet Pedometer Tracking Wristband, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Swivel Round Hospital Kitchen Dining Counter Adjustable Height Cheap Chair Barstool.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Horizontal Wire Rope Hand Winch with Cable / Strap,Nylon Nuts/Nylon Lock Nuts/Square Nuts/ Flange Nuts/Wing Nuts/ Hex Nuts/Cap Nuts.Maldives Prefabricated Building Steel Structure Warehouse Steel Storage Shed, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,China Direct Manufacturer Supplied PU Polyurethane Seal-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Jarliet High Quality Real Cheap Silicone Sex Love Doll for Man Vagina Sex, curve b).Red Fashion Leather Belt.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Biodegradable Pet Dog Waste Bag Poop Roll Bags (1roll in 10PCS) for Pet Dog Cat, curve b).Vacuum Wood Drying Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-High Strength and Rigidity Metal Fiber Felt Filter, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Swimming Pool Vanward Tankless Used Wall Gas Water Heater[Jsd-Pfb11p4]-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.2017 New Style Portable Solar Home Light 5W Solar Panel.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Perfect Homes Furniture 6 Seater Beige Rubber Wood Dining TableCorrespondence:
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