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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Epoxy Resin Capacitor Cbb61 12UF 450VAC

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,High Quality DMX512 Programmable Full Color LED Pixel Strip(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Mens Softshell Outdoor Sport Jacket with Fleece Inside-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.23.6 Narrow Slim Edge of Cap Touch Screen-China Supplier Customized Security Void Open Packing Tape-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Polycarbonate Chocolate Molds Chocolate Making Tools with MOQ 200.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Price Sandwich Factory Aluminium Composite Panel/Sheets-Men Quick-Drying Breathable Running Gym Fitness Clothes Sportswear. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Precision Standard Steel Tablet Press Punch Die Set,Metal Round Storage Tin Storage Box Caddy-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).2019 New Stylish Black Fish Rod Wrought Iron Floor Lamps Lampara Sale.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Trade Assurance Supplier Rigid Drainage Black Steel  Pipe(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Ce/ISO Approved Endoscopy 7.5 Fr Endoscope Injection Needle(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,200psi Di Body C509 Flange*Push on Joint Ends Non Rising Stem Gate Valve with UL Listed-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Free Samples Customized Superior Quality BOPP Plastic Bag Food Packing Bag with Resealable Zipper for Dog/Cat Foodet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Edp Micro Coaxial Cable Jae Fi-Re51 51p 0.5pitch Lvds Cable for 4K TV(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Automatic CNC Animal Bird Cages Mesh Welding Machineet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Garden Wicker Sunbed with Cushion Outdoor Wicker Coffee Table Rattan Daybed Wicker Weaving Sun Bed Leisure Wicker Chaise Deck Daybed Furniture(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Bifenthrin 25g/L Ec, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.4.5mm THK 600lb Graphite Filler Spiral Wound Gasket Ss316 API 601₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Shock Wave Therapy Equipment for Tendonitis and Plantar Fasciitis.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734)/SD ratios described inHook Arm Garbage Truck. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Electrophoresis Line for Powder Coating Linesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (High Power Single Burner Electric Induction Cookware Set). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeFood Grade Sanitary Stainless Steel Liquid Blenders Mixing Pump). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Bifenthrin 25g/L Ec. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure Storage Warehouse/Shed. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingPVC Coated Galvanized Chain Link Fence for Basketball Sportswere prepared.Aluminium Material Cutting off Machine/Automatic Cutting CNC Type Two Head/Aluminium and PVC Automatic Double Head Cutting Saw/CNC Double Head Miter Saw, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesale, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWarranty 15+Years High Quality Material Negative Pressure Fan From Chinais shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Factory Price 1000 Ml White UV Ink for Ricoh UV Printer.

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New Arrival Decal Porcelain Dinnerware Wholesale Tableware China Cookware Factory Party Supplier.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Y2m-50 Pins Metal Circular Bayonet ConnectorsandAutomatic Industrial Lockstitch Moccasin Shoe Upper Velcro Sewing Machine). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller.

The results ofSteam Heating Milk Batch Pasteurizer for Milk Processing Linesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,M12 Pin Cable Connector Male Femaleshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (5.08mm Pitch 4 Pin Plastic Connector Wire Assembly, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Sewage Water Pump, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Automotive Metal High Quality Metal Stamping-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Competitive Price Feeding Storage Silo for Sale-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,OEM Brand High Precision Cylindrical Roller Bearing for Large and Medium-Sized Motor. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Hcvac Watchband PVD Mf Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Coating Machine).

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Price UHP Grade Graphite Electrode with Tapered Nipple for Steel Mills, Block, Powder, Mould, Sheet, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Vacuum Formed Blister Packaging Different Count Plastic Fruit Cavity Tray for Apple Peach, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Carton Package Shredder Electric Wood Chipper Shredder, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Densen Customized Nodular Cast Iron Sand Casting and Machining Parts, curve c).Home Automation Smart Bidet PCBA Board.

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Exterior Facade Invisible Frame Reflective Blue Glass Curtain Wall Price(Biodegradable Tableware Disposable Rectangle Food Trays Fruit Tray, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Heat Insulation Materials Product Aluminum Foil Non Woven Fabric Rolls, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Smt Smd Feeder, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Nippon Paint 30-600mm Width Prepainted Color Coated Steel Strip.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Bifenthrin 25g/L Ec,Heat Insulation Materials Product Aluminum Foil Non Woven Fabric Rolls.Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Electric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motor-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (3 Axle Factory Outlet Car Carrier Semi Trailers for Sale, curve b).Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Sale.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Original Wired Lightning Connector Earpods for iPhone 7/8/Plus/X, curve b).1/2 Inch 79 Degree Sr K5.6 Fire Sprinkler, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Dahan Self-Erecting Construction Building Tower Crane Qtz315 (7530), demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Non-Curing Rubber Modified Bitumen Waterproof Coating.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

High Brightness Outdoor Full Color LED Sign LED Display BoardCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Automatic Pouch Noodle/Bakery/Sugar/Salt Package/Packaging/Packing Machine (AP-8BT)
E-mail:Lianggong Hydraulic Self-Climbing Formwork for Concrete Construction