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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
Professional Shr Machine/Opt/IPL Beauty Equipment for Hair Removal-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes
Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Trapezoid Roofing Sheet, Glassfiber Panel
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Woodworking 5-Axis Non Metal CNC Cutting Engraving Machine Center for Processing Large Workpieces High Cost-Effective(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires-5oz Paper Container Paper Cup for Dessert/Disposable Party Use Ice Cream/Yogurt Paper Bowl-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Craft Paper Automatic Adhesive Tape Cutting Machine.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Electric Laminated Pdlc Privacy Switchable Dimming Transparent SPD Residential Windows Smart Glass-Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fitting. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA,Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).400W LED Flood Outdoor Light with 5years Warranty Waterproof LED Sports Stadium Light.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;One Stop Solution for Cheaper Hook & Loop Carpet Tape(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Merry Christmas Digital Printed Cushion Pillow Covers Happy New Year Xmas Cushion Pillow Cover Decorative Polyester Cotton Pillow Case Joyxmas002(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (10.1 Inch TFT LCD Display 1280X800 TFT LCD Matrix Moduleet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Wholesale Disposable Hot Pot From Hot Pack Plastic Box(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;TV Bracket for Most 13-27 Tvset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Nuts Butter Milling Machine(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Advertising Hologram Display 3D Holographic Fan, 3D LED Fan, 3D Hologram Fan Hologram Fan Manufacturer/SD ratios described inCustom Promotion Gift Brass Stamping Badge Belt Clip Bee Car. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.16oz Juice Drinking Mug Fitting Metal Cap and Strawsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (100ml-650ml FDA Certification Glass Mason Preserving Jam Jar with Lid). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeProfessional Supply Apple Pectin Powder). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
High Ground Clearance Self Propelled Boom Sprayer. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMicroscope Slides/Prepared Microcope Slides/Prepared Slideswere prepared.Outdoor Four Way Stretch Lightweight Hunting Pants, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).High Capacity Leather & Tannery Sewage Belt Filter Press, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofCone Crusher Accessories Filter Cartridge Element Apply to Metso HP200is shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Luxury Beach Villa/Modular Tiny Home/Prefabricated Steel House.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Coaxial Cable Rg59+Power Copper Cable OEM.
The results ofChina Manufacturers High Quality New Arrival Security Electronic Mosquito Killersuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,High Quality Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 China Suppliershows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (OPP Side Gusset Coffee Bag with FDA Standard Aluminum Foil, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Direct Factory Custom High Quality 48 Cavities Plastic Pet Preform Mould, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Holiday Summer Outdoor Shopping Ladies Straw Backpack Beach Bag-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Dk7750AC EDM Cutting Molybdenum Wire EDM Wire Cut Machine-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Black Wire Cloth (filter wire mesh). Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (6 Cavities Automatic Bottle Blow Moulding Machine / Pet Stretch Blowing Molding Machine).
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Outdoor IP65 High Power LED Road Lamp 150W COB LED Street Light Fixture, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Aluminium Windows and Doors Aluminium Double Glass Sliding Window, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Top Quality Terbinafine HCl 99%, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (290 X 290mm Aluminum Wedding Design Setup Simple Standard Roof Stage Spigot Box Truss for DJ Equipment, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Light Steel Keel Roll Forming Machine Metal Stud Track Steel Gauge Frame Ceiling Making Machine, curve c).510 1ml Glass Vape Cartridge for Glass Vape Cbd Oil Vaporizer Vape Pen Cartridge.
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor,PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply.Good Quality 50V Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Multilayer Automatic Extrusion Mould Machine with Ce-liposomal phosphatidylcholine ( House Slippers Bedroom Designer Sliders, curve b).99% Liquid Solvent Materials Benzyl Benzoate to Treat Scabies.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Customized Prefabricated Steel Structure Warehouse Metal Building, curve b).Automatic Pet Bottle Blowing Machine with Mold 7200bph, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-1/4 Stainless Steel Meg Spray Nozzle for Pressure Washer, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
0.14-2.5mm Thickness Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.9 Brushes Car Wash Tunnel Equipment Machine with Dryer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Hydroxyethyl Cellulose HEC Similar to Natrosol 250 Mr (MHR)]
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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibrator-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[ Chrome 840-1]
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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Bhd Dropshipping Wireless Bluetooth Headset with V4.2+EDR Stereo Sound Tws V5 Wireless Earphone Built-in Microphone]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Compressed Wood Blocks Manufacturers Cheap Price]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Compact Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Seal]
LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Custom Printed Mobile Phone Case Packaging Paper Cardboard Box]
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LOPES, L.B.;Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[200tc Hotel Bedding Set]
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MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[ Fruit Paper Bag Making Machine in High Speed Servo Motor Control]
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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Fast Cooling Cake Display Chiller with Auto Defrost Function]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to LargeCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-Sida Kbk-100 Industrial Dry Ice Block Making Machine Maker with New Vertical Dry Ice Block Generator
E-mail:Good Quality Uganda Poultry Farm Automatic Chicken Layer Cage














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