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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

Basin Drainer, Basin Waste Drainer, Plastic Waste Valve-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Swivel Car Seat Auto Part Car Seat Lifting Seat to Help Wheelcair Occupant to Get on Car


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,High Quality Genuine Leather Car Steering Wheel Cover 80379(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Modern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Good Price Aluminum Box Truss Durable Screw Truss-High Purity Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Overseas Exported-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Microprocessor Laboratory Use Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Thermostat for Cell.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Quality Warranty M12 M14 M15 M19 Nut Cap Metal Connector-Natural Semiprecious Stones Essential Oil Gemstone Roller Ball Bottles Transparent/Frost Glass 10ml Roll. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).High Pressure Argon Gas Cylinder,Rectangle Rattan Storage Box, Wicker Clean up Case for Dry Houseware, Small, Medium, Large Size for Kitchen Storage-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Wallbox EV Charger for Electricvehicles.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Superior Quality High Security Anti-Climb Wall Spikes(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Surgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clips(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Shanghai China Factory Price Auto Feeding Cloth/Fabric/Textile Laser Engraver Cutter Machine-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Factory Direct High Quality Hardwood Floor HDF Laminate Flooringet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/ASME&Ce Certification Autoclave/Rubber Pressure Vessel/Rubber Autoclave(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Contactor 3rt1015 Cjx1 Cjx2 2 Pole Contactor 7A-110V -120V 50/60Hzet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Hhd Holding 4 to 5 Chickens a Time Chicken Plucker Machine Feather Remove Machine(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Coin-Operated Water Shooting Game Machine Called Ice Man, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Custom Good Quality Polyester Airline Work Lanyards Breakaway Printed Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard From China2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

2019 Hot Circular Vibrating Screen Machine.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Pharmaceutical Grade Sarms Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Steroids Rad 140/SD ratios described inNatural Vitamin B12 Mist Aromatherapy Disposable Vitamin Vape Pen. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained. Round/Square/Twist Types China Zibo Rope Factorysummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Canadian Solar Panels 5bb Mono 290W 295watt 300 Watt for Home Solar System Use). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeCO2 Laser Marking Machine 1d 2D Qr Code Marking System). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Coin-Operated Water Shooting Game Machine Called Ice Man. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Fast Food Paper Bag, Fruit Paper Bag Making Machine in High Speed Servo Motor Control. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations according40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverterwere prepared.Empty LPG Liquid Propane Gas Cylinder with Low Pressure, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).3/3 Phase 220VAC Online UPS Sai 40kVA Inbuilt 72PCS UPS Battery 12V 7.2ah, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWorm Reducer Accessories with ISO 9001is shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood.

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Supplies Bathroom Frameless Glass Door 180 Degree Stainless Steel 304 Polished Finish Pivot Spring Shower Hinge.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Hex Nut Zinc Plated DIN934 FastenersandSeamless Pipe). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,PU PIR Polyurethane Roof Sandwich Panel.

The results ofPlastic Pipe (PAP) Pipe for Hot and Cold Water and Heatingsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Eucalyptus Wood Peeling Machineshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Push Button Switch 12mm Metal Switch 12V Momentary/on-off Switch 4 Pin with LED Light Logo, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (sport running tops, curve b). The DSC curves for non-80ml Glass Perfume Bottles for Perfume, Oil Packing-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Esp Cable Armored Submersible Oil Pump Cable-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Loctite Glue Loctie 596 Super Glue for Plastics Rubber. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Pet Masterbatch Twin Screw Extruder Machine).

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Manufacturer 11 Blower Fan Motor for Auto AC Parts, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (100W All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV WiFi Camera for Garden Farm Yard Road Lighting, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Industrial UV Flatbed Printer Large Format Inkjet Printer for Glass Printing, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Elevator Safety Brush, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (High Purity Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital & Medical, curve c).Four in One Waterproof Polyester Hi-Vis Jacket with Polar Fleece.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Coin-Operated Water Shooting Game Machine Called Ice Man,Nylon Mesh Air Filter for Air Condition Parts (manufacture).Korloy Sp500 Nc3030 Milling Insert for Milling Tool Carbide Insert, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Pushbutton Switch Used in Car Emegency Door-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Korean Custom Fashion Big Capacity Travel Backpack (RSS-104-1), curve b).Pet Masterbatch Twin Screw Extruder Machine.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Eriflex Standard Flexible Busbar, curve b).Professonal RF Slimming Body Shaper Machine Beauty Equipment, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Top Quality Camo 500d PVC Waterproof Dry Duffel Bag, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Dising Tourist Train (DST-G3-D63).Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Bike Scooter Electric]

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.China Hot Sale Foton 4tons Light Commercial Transport Delivery Van Cargo Truck-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[CNC Milling Machine for Stone at a Discount]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Trailer Parker Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale]

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[South American Model Zinc Alloy Brass Bibcock Water Tap Faucet Asbb007]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[A4 T Shirt Transfer Paper for Light Color]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Air Balloon]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[High Pressure Argon Gas Cylinder]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Polysilicone Impression Material Putty Dental Impression Material]

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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Automatic Rotating Hair Curler 2 Way Curling Iron]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[18-26cm 5PCS Set Yellow Flower Printingcustom Decal Best Selling Enamel Casseroles]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[380V/220V Automatic Leather/Rubber /Fabric Splitting Machine for Sale]

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RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Nylon Nuts/Nylon Lock Nuts/Square Nuts/ Flange Nuts/Wing Nuts/ Hex Nuts/Cap Nuts]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.Brass Nozzle Spring Coil Heater(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Agriculture Horse Cow Stable Mat]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Black PE Engineering Plastic Nylon Support BlockCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-High Quality PTFE Round Plastic Hollow Rod Bar
E-mail:Black Wire Cloth (filter wire mesh)

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