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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
Pharmaceutical Grade Sarms Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Steroids Rad 140-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes
Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
Luciana Biagini LopesI;Solar System Inverter Low Frequency 6000WII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,2ton Air Cooled Water Chiller
ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,3 Phase Copeland Compressor Zr57kc-Tfd
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Economical P40 Monoblock Flow Control Valve for Snow Plough(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Fast Food Paper Bag, Fruit Paper Bag Making Machine in High Speed Servo Motor Control-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Empty LPG Liquid Propane Gas Cylinder with Low Pressure-3/3 Phase 220VAC Online UPS Sai 40kVA Inbuilt 72PCS UPS Battery 12V 7.2ah-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Supplies Bathroom Frameless Glass Door 180 Degree Stainless Steel 304 Polished Finish Pivot Spring Shower Hinge-PU PIR Polyurethane Roof Sandwich Panel. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).80ml Glass Perfume Bottles for Perfume, Oil Packing,Esp Cable Armored Submersible Oil Pump Cable-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Loctite Glue Loctie 596 Super Glue for Plastics Rubber.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Manufacturer 11 Blower Fan Motor for Auto AC Parts(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Four in One Waterproof Polyester Hi-Vis Jacket with Polar Fleece(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Well Design Prefab House with PU Sandwich Panels-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (PCBA Consumer Electronics SMT DIP OEM EMS ODM Assembly SMDet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Nylon Mesh Air Filter for Air Condition Parts (manufacture)(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Korloy Sp500 Nc3030 Milling Insert for Milling Tool Carbide Insertet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Professonal RF Slimming Body Shaper Machine Beauty Equipment(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Top Quality Camo 500d PVC Waterproof Dry Duffel Bag, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Wholesale Custom 3D PVC Us Military Navy Tactical Gear Flags PU Patches Fashion Clothing Jean Jacket Pants Chenille Patch Garment Decoration Rubber Label Velcro2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-3DTALK FUTURE FDM 3D Printer with Multiple Functions, Super-Low Noise/SD ratios described inModern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Jarliet High Quality Real Cheap Silicone Sex Love Doll for Man Vagina Sexsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Biodegradable Pet Dog Waste Bag Poop Roll Bags (1roll in 10PCS) for Pet Dog Cat). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSupply High Purity Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate for Feed Additive). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Top Quality Camo 500d PVC Waterproof Dry Duffel Bag. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
China Hot Sale Foton 4tons Light Commercial Transport Delivery Van Cargo Truck. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingStrong Pressure 22000CMH Airflow Evaporative Cooler Industrialwere prepared.Hot Sale Radiating Fan 180X180mm Ball Bearing 220-240V, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Aqualand 14feet 4.3m Foldable Inflatable Fishing Boat/Sports Motor Boat (aql-425), the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data of50/2 Combed Ring Spun Cotton Yarnis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Factory Customized Aluminum/Aluminium Coil with Polysurlyn Back for Moisture Barrier A1050 1060 1100 3003 3105 5005 5052 5083.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Building Greenhouse Roofing Material Polycarbonate PC Panel.
The results of4 Post Car Lift Cl-6440/Car Lifter/Car Hoist/OEM & ODM Availablesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kitshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Pure 99.5% Aluminum Plate Aluminum Ingot, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Blocking Card Suppliers for Sale, curve b). The DSC curves for non-30HP 2 Stroke Double Cylinders Boat Engine Propeller Engine Hood Outboard Engine 496cc Outboard Motor (T30BML)-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,6 Layer Printed Circuit Board for Industrial Control-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Brass Nozzle Spring Coil Heater. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (China High Speed PE PP Pipe Plastic Extruder Machine).
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KERONG Digital Combination Swipe Card Lock Filing Cabinet, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (20 Watts Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Electric Chest Freezer Room with Compressor Freezer, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Containerized Brine System Block Ice Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (2 Layer Electronics Smart Toilet Seat Bidet PCBA Board, curve c).Gymk Auto Feeding Flexo Printing and Slotting Die-Cutting Machine for Carton Making.
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European Style Sanitary Ware Certificated Faucet for Kitchen Bath(Plastic Mould of Bidet Douche Shower, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Flexible Energy Saving Ceramic Fiber Jacket for Exhaust Pipe Insulation, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Circulation Water System Insulation Reaction Stainless Steel Tank for Sale, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.2019 Winter New Vertical & Horizontal Heating Wire Mini Portable Desktop Electric White Fan Heater for Home Office (DH-QN06).
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Top Quality Camo 500d PVC Waterproof Dry Duffel Bag,High Quality PTFE Round Plastic Hollow Rod Bar.40W CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Leather, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,51.7cc Professional Gasoline Grass Trimmer Brush Cutter with Ce-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Mic Cheap Summer Wholesale Slippers PE Flip Flop Slipper Men, curve b).Fashion Jewelry Silver Jewelry Stainless Steel G23 Titanium Body Jewelry Red CZ Cuting Titanium Weddiing Ring Tr2029.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (240V 4500W Industrial Immersion Tubular Heater Water Heater Heating Element, curve b).China Supplies OEM High Performence Steel Casting for Small Flywheel, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Wholesale Factory Price 41 Inch 240W Red Custom Logo New Amber Fog LED Light Bar UTV Kit, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
Automatic Paging Plane Labeling Machine for Card, Book Paper, Cloth Hang Tag Flat Labeler-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Aluminium Windows and Doors Aluminium Double Glass Sliding Window.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
REFERENCES
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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Gravel Driveway/Consturction/Terram 50mm Hight Geocell-Portable Sun Shade Beach Tent, Camping Sun Shelter Canopy Tent.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[High Efficiency Stone Sand Screw Spiral Classifier]
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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Wellcamp Modular Accommodation Container-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Black Tire Rubber]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Hand Held Fiber Optic Inspection Probe-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Fashionable Design High Tech Flat Panel Solar Collector]
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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Black Adjustable Fastener Hook & Loop Cable Tie]
LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for HDPE PVC Pipe Tube, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11]
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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[E1 Grade Pine or Pillar or Falcata Melamine Block Board 1220X2440mm]
MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Hot Men′s Leather Hiking Shoes Trekking Shoes]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Customized Worldcup Acrylic Jacquard Kintted Soccer Football Scarf /Fans Scarf]
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RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Hinged Type Slot Bar Air Diffuser for Ventilation Use]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Xj5335 Industrial Digital X-ray Luggage Checking Baggage Detector MachineCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-12.1 Inch Industrial Waterproof IP65 Pcap Touch Computer
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