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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;7W E27 B22 LED Corn Light with Good QualityII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Low Air Pressure DTH Hammers

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Similar to The Grid Synthetic Leather for Shoes or Bag


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Water Ring Die Face Hot Cutting Plastic Recycling Granulator(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Yearly Output 10 Million Items High Quality Plastic Zipper-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Universal Octopus Stand Tripod Mount Holder for Samsung iPhone Cell Phone-Pharmaceutical Peptide Vapreotide Acetate with GMP (OEM)-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Aramid Fiber PTFE Packing.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Sectional Garage Door 2 Spring Bumper/Garage Door Bracket-Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machine. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).in Large Stock Wholesale Bearing Tapper Roller Bearing 30222 30224 30226 30228 Japan NSK Koyo Timken SKF,Gr2 Titanium Blind Pipe Floor Flange ANSI-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Glass Bottle Wine Washing Filling Capping 3in1 Machine.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;1.78′′ Am OLED Display with 368*448 Resolution for Smart Watch(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Marble Like 1.75mm 2.85mm PLA 3D Printing Filament(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Natural Vitamin B12 Mist Aromatherapy Disposable Vitamin Vape Pen-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (China Top Forging Factory Produce Steel Forging with Customer′s Drawinget al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Building(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Jsm S9-20kVA/11kv Oil Immersion Transformer Distribution Transformeret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),16oz Juice Drinking Mug Fitting Metal Cap and Straw(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Automatic Feeding Lead Edge Rotary Die-Cutter Machine for Carton Box, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Biodegradable Tableware Disposable Rectangle Food Trays Fruit Tray2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Smooth Surface Soft TPU Synthetic Leather Football/SD ratios described in8 Feet 240cm 2.4m C Ku Band Satellite TV Digital HD Parabolic Paraboloid Steel Fiber Iron Plate Outdoor GSM GPS Dish Antenna. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Customized Oil and Waterproof Nylon Kitchen Cooking Chef Apronsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Electro Galvanized Cattle Fence/ Filed Fence). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeTpr Handle Pump Plier). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Automatic Feeding Lead Edge Rotary Die-Cutter Machine for Carton Box. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Cell Phone Ring Stand Holder Phone Finger Grip Kickstand. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingFreezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wirewere prepared.Basin Drainer, Basin Waste Drainer, Plastic Waste Valve, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).24inch Android Touch Ad (advertising) Player, Tablet PC, LED Displayer, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofHans Best Price Fiber/UV/CO2 Flying Laser Marking Machine Engraving Machine Use on Packing Line for Date/ Lot No/ Logo Printingis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Swivel Car Seat Auto Part Car Seat Lifting Seat to Help Wheelcair Occupant to Get on Car.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Modern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture.

The results ofTri-Axle 45000liters Oil Fuel Diesel Tank Semi Trailer for Salesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Custom Plastic Rubber Silicone Laser Backlit/Iuminous Switch/Buttons Keypadshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Welded Wire Mesh for Sieving Mesh, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Teflon Camouflage, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Good Price Aluminum Box Truss Durable Screw Truss-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,High Purity Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Overseas Exported-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Microprocessor Laboratory Use Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Thermostat for Cell. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (M42 8% Cobalt Band Saw Blade 27 X 0.9mm Tpi=2/3 for Metal Bar Cutting.).

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Quality Warranty M12 M14 M15 M19 Nut Cap Metal Connector, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Customized Sheet Metal Fabrication with Laser Cutting and Stamping, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Cr-V Professional Clamp Curved Jaw Locking Pliers Grip Pliers, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Lsaw Pipe, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (30ml 7000mg Hemp Seed Oil Hemp Cbd Organic Essential Oil Herbal Drops Massage Body Relieve Stress Oil Skin Care Help Sleep, curve c).Natural Semiprecious Stones Essential Oil Gemstone Roller Ball Bottles Transparent/Frost Glass 10ml Roll.

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High Pressure Argon Gas Cylinder(Desktop Hot Sale Lab Electric Stirrer/Mixer, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Insecticide 48% Sc Clothianidin Price for Sale, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (m.willingtire.com, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Rectangle Rattan Storage Box, Wicker Clean up Case for Dry Houseware, Small, Medium, Large Size for Kitchen Storage.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Automatic Feeding Lead Edge Rotary Die-Cutter Machine for Carton Box,Wallbox EV Charger for Electricvehicles.Superior Quality High Security Anti-Climb Wall Spikes, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Surgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clips-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (3mm Cast Glitter Acrylic Sheet, curve b).Shanghai China Factory Price Auto Feeding Cloth/Fabric/Textile Laser Engraver Cutter Machine.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Screw Type Sludge Dewatering Filter Press for Industry Sewage Solid Liquid Separator, curve b).Factory Direct High Quality Hardwood Floor HDF Laminate Flooring, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-ASME&Ce Certification Autoclave/Rubber Pressure Vessel/Rubber Autoclave, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Contactor 3rt1015 Cjx1 Cjx2 2 Pole Contactor 7A-110V -120V 50/60Hz-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Tinplate Food Can Packaging Chocolate Round Metal Tin Box.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Hhd Holding 4 to 5 Chickens a Time Chicken Plucker Machine Feather Remove Machine-Coin-Operated Water Shooting Game Machine Called Ice Man.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Waterproof Men Business Computer Student School Bag Backpack 30L]

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KIM, C.K.; JEONG, E.J.Solar System Inverter Low Frequency 6000W-adjuvant for hepatitis b surface antigen.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.115, p.193-199, 1995.[China Led Mirror Lights]

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.3 Phase Copeland Compressor Zr57kc-Tfd-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Fire-Proof Exterior Wall Use Wood Grain Siding Panel for Villa Prefabing Housing]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Magnetic Level Meter with Flip Plate]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Hot Sale Spraying Membrane for Car Usage]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Preaueen Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection 1cc/2cc]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Economical P40 Monoblock Flow Control Valve for Snow Plough, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[100ml/250ml/500ml/750ml Dark Green/Brown Color Olive Oil Glass Bottle]

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LOPES, L.B.;Economical P40 Monoblock Flow Control Valve for Snow Plough, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[3/4 Turnbuckles]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Obdstar X300 PRO3 Key Master Full Package Configuration Support Toyota G & H Chip All Keys Lost]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Solar Flame Lantern Pathway Light]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.3/3 Phase 220VAC Online UPS Sai 40kVA Inbuilt 72PCS UPS Battery 12V 7.2ah.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Arrears Recovery]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Corrugated Paper Kraft Paper Packing Paper Liner Paper Duplex Paper Tissue Paper Napkin Paper Facial Paper Copy Paper Printing Paper Making Machinery]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock EnlargementCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Loctite Glue Loctie 596 Super Glue for Plastics Rubber
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