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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,High Speed 1500W to 5000W Electric Motorcycle

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Wholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socks(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).450~1500mm Coil Width Stainless Steel Reversible Cold Rolling Mill-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Compact Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Seal-Hydraulic Vane Pump Cartridge (6E6474 6E6477) for Caterpillar-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-High Speed Automatic Alcohol Prep Pad Packaging Machine.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Wholesale Mechanical Briquette Press Scrap Aluminum Machine-Fracture Cam Walker Brace Orthopedic Walking Boot. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Straight Cut Wire and Florist Stem Wire (Factory),2cavity Pet Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow/Blowing Molding/Moulding Machine-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Body Shaping Ultrasound Cavitation Slimming Machine Anti Cellulite.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;110g Long-Term Working Waterproof Chemical Resistant Black Latex Rubber Industrial Working Gloves(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Aluminum Foil Surface Coated Self Adhesive Waterproof Tape(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,High-Quality Factory Best Price Ral9003 Flower Pattern Design/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Made in China-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Top Quality Terbinafine HCl 99%et al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/E40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Custom Plastic Rubber Silicone Laser Backlit/Iuminous Switch/Buttons Keypadet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Fastener Screw /Self Tapping Screw / Machine Screw(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Ni-MH Industrial Battery, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Cheap Scooter Folding Electric Mobility Scooters with Factory Price₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Safe and Reliable/ High Speed/ Carving Machine/ for Wood/SD ratios described inE40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Lab Supply Recombinant Human EGF for Anti-Aging CAS No. 62253-63-8summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (PE Stretch Film Vci Anticorrosion Automated Packing Machine Wrap). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSlow Feeder Dog Bowl). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Ni-MH Industrial Battery. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Customized Sheet Metal Fabrication with Laser Cutting and Stamping. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingEnergy-Saving LED Downlight 10-50Wwere prepared.Zax230-6 Boom Arm Bucket Cylinder Seal Kit, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).SuperTIG200Di Digital AC DC Pulse TIG Welder, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofQ345b Structural Carbon Steel H Beams Made in Chinais shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Hot Sale Dermal Filler Lip Injection Hyaluronic Acid Lip Filler with Lidocaine.

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Purple Household Stainless Steel Electric Kettle 1.8L.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Water Stop Control Gate EquipmentandDodecyl Tetradecyl Dimethylamine). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,125kHz PVC Contactless T5577 Chip RFID Inlay/Smart Card Prelam 5577 Inlay Sheet.

The results ofChina Supplier Customized Security Void Open Packing Tapesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Precision Standard Steel Tablet Press Punch Die Setshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (COB Service Use in Gameplayer Panel, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Air Freight Forwarder Ddp To Toronto, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Cake Display Cabinet From China Supplier-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Factory Price Hotel Duck Down Pillow-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Txk 1 Ton Crane Scale for Material Handling. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Indoor Sport Arcade Redemption Coin Operated Air Hockey Multi Game Machine Table for Adult).

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100 Gallon Automatic Ultrasonic Cleaner Power Lift with Agitation, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition ( Acrylic Knitted Scarf Jacquard Football Scarf, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Tk-Jc2104 Caster Wheel for Sliding Door Wholesale, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Voc Gas Removal, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Used, curve c).New Tws Bluetooth Wireless Earbuds Stereo Headset for Sale.

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South American Model Zinc Alloy Brass Bibcock Water Tap Faucet Asbb007(Adm100sc Single Phase Energy Meter 5-30A Kwh, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Customize Polypropylene Hollow Sheet PP Waterproof Board, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (X6336 3axis Horizontal Turret Fresadora Milling Machine 110V, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Plm-Sg60 Hydraulic Pipe End Forming Machine for Metal Pipe.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Ni-MH Industrial Battery,Stick/Upright/Handheld Bagless Vacuum Cleaner.Stainless Steel Metal Stamping Tooling Stamping Die for Gas Cooker Oven, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Energy-Saving LED Downlight 10-50W-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (2019 Hot Selling Decorate/Home Furnishing Tool Stone/Brick Lifting, curve b).Steel Pipe Tube Inner and Outer Wall Shot Blasting Machine.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Chimai 220V Black 4 Pin Dpdt Rocker Switch, curve b).Best Price Motion Sensor 80W Integrated LED Solar Street Light, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-3mm Cast Glitter Acrylic Sheet, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Gymate Indoor Bicycle Sporting Goods Mechanical Belt Exercise Bike-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Lube Spin-on Oil Filter for Auto Parts (1R-0749).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Diamond Wire Saw Rope for Granite Marble Stone Cutting and ProfilingCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-4 Axis CNC Router Laser Engreaving Machine
E-mail:Automatic Pouch Noodle/Bakery/Sugar/Salt Package/Packaging/Packing Machine (AP-8BT)