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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Good Quality 50V Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Multilayer Automatic Extrusion Mould Machine with Ce-99% Liquid Solvent Materials Benzyl Benzoate to Treat Scabies-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Automatic Pet Bottle Blowing Machine with Mold 7200bph.

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RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).9 Brushes Car Wash Tunnel Equipment Machine with Dryer,Lead Glass Dr Protective CT Chamber Protective Glass1600mm*1000mm*20mm-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Brand New Cummins 6CT 8.3 Hx40W Turbocharger 4029184 4049355.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Foundation Blender Cosmetic Beauty Facial Makeup Sponge Puff for Cosmetics(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibrator-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (High Quaity Xanthan Gum Hv with Best Piceet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/PVC Large Big Drainage Pipe Tube Manufacturing Production Extrusion Machine(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Stainless Steel Fin Heating Element/PTC Heater/Finned Electric Heater Tube Air Heater Tube for Convector Heateret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),High Quality Drum Heater, IBC Heater, Drum Heating Blanket, Heating Jacket for Drum, Tank, Cylinder(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Plastic Pallet/Blow Pallet/HDPE Pallets/Storage Pallet/ Industry Pallet/Stackable Pallet2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Different Sizes Seal Rubber Bellows for Automobile, Machinery Equipment.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Dough Divider and Rounder Dough Divider and Dough Rounder/SD ratios described in Sheet. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Flexible PVC Rubber High-Intensity Polyester Fiber Reinforced Natural Gas Hosesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Hot Sale Mini 4000kg Reefer Van Refrigeration Units Truck). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see3mm Clear Silver Coated Mirror Glass Manufacturers Cheap Price). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

High Quality Bearing Company 6311 6306 6307 6308. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingHigh Effecient Physical Pet Fly Killer Without Soundwere prepared.Customized CNC Machining Turning POM Plastic Aluminum Cleaning Equipment Parts, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Optimized Freight Wagon Exported to Ditterent Countries, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofNew Trampoline Park with PE Climbing Wallis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Saudi ASTM A252 Grade 3 Carbon Steel Pipe ASTM A53.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Wire and Cable Making machine Accessories Mold.

The results ofJack Hammer Parts Atlas Copco MB1600 Hydraulic Breaker Cylinder Front Head Cylinder Excavator Spare Partssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact, Cloth Hang Tag Flat Labelershows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (High Quality Automatic Almond Badam Nut Packing Packaging Machine, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Custom A360 Aluminum Alloy Precisely Sand Casting, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Stainless Steel Cut Wire in Ripple or in Spools-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,50/2 Combed Ring Spun Cotton Yarn. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Second Hand Rebar Mill Steel Rolling Machine).

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PVC Laminated Calcium Silicate Ceiling Tile(Hight Brightness Low Noise Projector Best Option for Office/ Home, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Hot Design LED Aluminum Profile, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Taper Candle and Stick Candle, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.10-40 PPI Zirconia Ceramic Foam Filter for Metal Filtration.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil,Automatic Glass Plastic Liquid Perfume Bottle Adhesive Sticker Labeller Cosmetic Self Adhesive Label Sealing Packing BOPP Glue Labeling Machine.Large Width Size PE Protective Plastic Film Use for Packing, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,High Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powers-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Factory Price High Quality Torque Multiplier, curve b).ASTM A269 6.5.3*0.65mm Seamless Steel Coil Tubes From China Suppliers.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Juice Bag Filling Machine Manufacturer for Small Business, curve b).Kickstand and Holster Belt Clip Combo Holster Mobile Phone Case Cover for Alcatel Pixi 3 (5) /5015/5010, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Qingdao PVC Wood Plastic WPC Profile Production Line Extrusion Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Chinese Twelve Constellations Fashion Ladies Watches Quartz Waterproof Watches (JY-AL007C)-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Wholesale PE/LDPE Custom Printing Shopping Plastic Bags with Own Logo.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Wholesale Aluminium Cosmetic Aerosol Spray Can.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[3.0mm*23.5cm Black Rattan Diffuser Sticks]

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Wall Mounted Micro Bidet Shattaf Fixing Screws Spray Nozzles-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Custom Printing Bag in Box Coffee Dispenser with a Valve]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.High Quality, 23G, Blister Pack, Disposable Injection Needle for Medical-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[Auto Parts 12V 560W Hydraulic DC Brush Stainless Steel Permanent Magnet Motor for Snow-Plow]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Prodig Capillary Thermostat for Refrigerator and Freezer F2000]

KIGHT, C.G.Liposomes:from physical structure to therapeutic applications. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1981. p.105-38.[1.78′′ Am OLED Display with 368*448 Resolution for Smart Watch]

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished]

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KRIWET, K.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C. Mutual interactions between diclofenac diethylamine and phospholipids – investigation on the microstructure of the arisen systems.Pharmazie, Berlin, v.49, p.187-191, 1994.[Swimming Pool Vanward Tankless Used Wall Gas Water Heater[Jsd-Pfb11p4]]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Cement Grinder Ball Mill]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[10-40 PPI Zirconia Ceramic Foam Filter for Metal Filtration]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[104376-79-6 Ceftriaxone Sodium]

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LOPES, L.B.;Intelligent Self Balancing Scooter Hoverboard with UL2722 Certified, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Window Exhaust Fan]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Cheap ABS Injection Molded Plastic Parts Molding Manufacturer for Sale]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Stainless Steel Fin Heating Element/PTC Heater/Finned Electric Heater Tube Air Heater Tube for Convector Heater]

RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.All-Ground Crane Grader Bridge Machine Double Act Small Piston Loader Dump Truck Lift Mobile Equipment Hydraulic Cylinder.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Plato Granulador]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

8 Core Steel Terminal Box Ffth BoxCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Zipper Bag Nut Packaging Ziplock Bag
E-mail:Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor

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