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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

PU Rexine Synthetic Leather for Basketball Making-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;Eucalyptus Wood Peeling MachineII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Flooring Mat

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Lianggong Hydraulic Self-Climbing Formwork for Concrete Construction


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Rubber Shredder/Tire Shredder/Plastic Shredder/Tire Recycling Machine(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Electric Surgical Unit Diathermy Gd300 Electrotome-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Hight Brightness Low Noise Projector Best Option for Office/ Home-Microscope Slides/Prepared Microcope Slides/Prepared Slides-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Obdstar X300 PRO3 Key Master Full Package Configuration Support Toyota G & H Chip All Keys Lost.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel-Plastic Handle Magnesium Concrete Tool. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).200W IP65 5 Years Warranty DOE-Casting Aluminum Beam Angle 220 Degree High Lumen Slim LED Outdoor Flood Light,Fashionable Design High Tech Flat Panel Solar Collector-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Tungsten Carbide Perforated Shears.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Color Custom Printed ISO14443A MIFARE Ultralight EV1 Vingcard Hotel Key Card(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Horizontal Mining Minerals Processing Dewatering Water Centrifugal Slurry Pump(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Forward Vibrating Plate Compactor Without Dust-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Headset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;NEMA11 Hybrid Linear High-Precision Stepper Motor for CNC Machineset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Snap Action Thermostat/Current Protector (V7AM A)(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-National Day Football Game Public Campaign Celebration Car Mirror Flag, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Outdoor Advertising Illuminated LED Letter Road Sign2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Cheap Price LCM Alphanumeric Manufacture Customized Elevator Display 7 Segment LCD Panel.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Best Selling Pastry Food Pastry Arancini Forming Machine/Pastry Arancini Production Line/Arancini Maker Equipment/SD ratios described inCE Approved Video Colposcope Direct to Screen. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Stainless Steel Electric Heating Cooking Pot for Boiling Beans (Jams)summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutter). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeHardware Spare Parts Rotor Armatures for Makita 255 (LS1030) Mind Aluminum). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-National Day Football Game Public Campaign Celebration Car Mirror Flag. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Dongguan PCB Assembly 94V0 RoHS Foam Cutting Machine PCB&PCBA. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingBosch Fuel Pump for Cummine 6CT Diesel Engine 3938381 0402066737were prepared.High Quality Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 China Supplier, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Custom Printing 125kHz T5577 Rewritable Waterproof Epoxy RFID Keyfob, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofBrushless DC 100W PCB Card for Blower PCBAis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Disposable Biodegradable Corn Starch Food Trays / Vegetable Trays / Fast Food Trays.

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ESD Bubble Mailing Bag for PCB Packing.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Galvanized Heavy Duty Steel Grating for TrenchandMatt Color Textured Sheet with Coils). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Automatic Sticker Bag/Hang Tag Paging Labeling Machine.

The results ofSnack Bubble Tea Cotton Candy Lunch Fast Food Moto Food Truck / Mobile Food Trailer for Sale in USAsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Ash 2.5mm Plywood Decorative Plywood Coloredshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Cast Steel Ball Valve Heating Element Valve High Temperature Valve, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Modern Led Table Lamps, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Mining High Pressure Rotary Screw Air Compressor-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,OEM Stainless Steel/ Square Head T Bolt with High Quality. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (51.7cc Professional Gasoline Grass Trimmer Brush Cutter with Ce).

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Artificial Diamond Vacuum Metalizing Machine, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Factory Price Hotel Duck Down Pillow, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Electric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motor, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Luxury Perfume Bottles Glass Frosted Glass Lotion Bottle Cosmetic 100ml Glass Bottle with Pump, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (D Shaft 12V Stepper Motor NEMA 17 for 3D Printer, curve c).Yellow Zinc Plated Wire Coil Roofing Nail.

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High Grade Manufacturer Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%(Special Cargo Liner Auto Universal Trunk Mat, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Polished Blue Pearl Granite Stone Half Slabs for Kitchen Tops and Countertops Design, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate and Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-National Day Football Game Public Campaign Celebration Car Mirror Flag,Warehouse Steel Metal Storage Gravity Roller Rack System.Modern Office Staff Partition Cubicle Wooden Office Furniture Workstation, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Eco-Friendly Wood Wall Panel Outdoor WPC Exterior Wall Panel Cladding-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (2019 New Design Big Capacity Comfortable Women′s 55L Hiking Backpack, curve b).Starter Solenoid Switch for Zm2-391 333964 3612003100 Ssa2020 S4001250995.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (5mm Depth Sheet Metal Hole Cutter Drill, curve b).Sugar Nut Automatic Packing Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Suitable for All Kinds of Locksmith of Key Cutting Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Optical Glass Cerium Oxide Polishing Powder for Glass Polish or Grind-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Smartlock Fingerprint Door Security Intelligent Lock Biometric Electronic WiFi Door Lock with Bluetooth APP Unlock.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.2018 Junyuan New Design Wholesale Breathable Baby Carrier for Newborn Baby-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Gym Equipment Large Sized Trampolines for Kids and Adults]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[GOST Steel #20/09g2s /ANSI Standard Large Diameter Industrial Carbon Steel Forged Rolled Rings]

KIGHT, C.G.Liposomes:from physical structure to therapeutic applications. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1981. p.105-38.[High Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powers]

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.104376-79-6 Ceftriaxone Sodium-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[ Green/Dropper Glass Bottle for Perfume or Essential Oil]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Stainless Steel Tank Surface Grinding Machine Price List]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[5mm Luxury Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Hook Arm Garbage Truck, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Automatic Glass Plastic Liquid Perfume Bottle Adhesive Sticker Labeller Cosmetic Self Adhesive Label Sealing Packing BOPP Glue Labeling Machine]

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LOPES, L.B.;Hook Arm Garbage Truck, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Competitive Price of Aerial Bundled Cable ABC Cable]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[High Quality Wood Debarking / Veneer Peeling Machine]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[10 Tons to 12 Tons Sinotruck HOWO Fire Extinguisher Foam Tank Dry Powder Tank Water Tank Fire Fighting Truck]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Qingdao PVC Wood Plastic WPC Profile Production Line Extrusion Machine]

RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Strong Pressure 22000CMH Airflow Evaporative Cooler Industrial.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Beech Wood Rolling Pin]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Auto Parts K03 Shaft WheelCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Gym Equipment Large Sized Trampolines for Kids and Adults
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