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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Food Grade High Quality Xanthan Gum Food Additives

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Solar Power 10ka Mini Circuit Breaker 1pole 250V 1A 2A 3A 4A 6A 10A 16A 20A 25A 32A 40A 50A 63A DC MCB(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Forged JIS Frame Rigging Eye and Eye Turnbuckle-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Sv040 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump Cow Milk Vacuum Pump-Light Steel Keel Roll Forming Machine Metal Stud Track Steel Gauge Frame Ceiling Making Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Building Material Roof Custer Tile 410*280*12mm.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Deep Drawing Process for Chinese Suppliers-Kms-K Optical Cable Sheath Slitter/Cable Slitter and Duct Cutter Fiber Cutter. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Stainless Steel 304 Morning Glory Trumpet Water Jet Fountain Nozzle,Custom Precision Machine Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Welding Fabrication-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Most Advanced Danish Motor Operated Portable Dental Chair Unit Dental Equipment.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Stainless Steel Vibrating Feeder for Conveyors(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Ce Cutting Plotters for Pattern Contour Cutting Plotter Cutter(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,5m Transparent Camping Geodesic Dome Tent for Display-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (New Model Smart Lighting Control Electric Touch Panel Wall Switchet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Wholesale Kneading Shiatsu Car Home Neck and Back Pillow Massager(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;China Factory Customized Plastic Packaging Products for Electronic Partset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Push Button Switch 12mm Metal Switch 12V Momentary/on-off Switch 4 Pin with LED Light Logo(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Vibratory Bowl - for Polished Finish on Wheels / Alloys, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Aualified Composite White Solid Surface Dining Coffee Table₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Fashionable Felt Women Handbag Large Capacity Tote Bag with Milky White/SD ratios described inNatural Vitamin B12 Mist Aromatherapy Disposable Vitamin Vape Pen. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained. Round/Square/Twist Types China Zibo Rope Factorysummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Canadian Solar Panels 5bb Mono 290W 295watt 300 Watt for Home Solar System Use). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeTwo Piece Aluminum Can). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Vibratory Bowl - for Polished Finish on Wheels / Alloys. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Aluminum Wheel Polishing Machine Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Machine for Sale Wrm28h. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations according40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverterwere prepared.Super Absorbent Cooling Towel PVA Sports Towel, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Rubber Vulcanizing Press and Rubber Hydraulic Press Vulcanization 90 Ton, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWorm Reducer Accessories with ISO 9001is shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.6 Mesh Plain Weave Stainless Steel Wire Mesh.

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Best Price Chrome Ore Washing Machine Chrome Ore Cleaning Machine.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Hex Nut Zinc Plated DIN934 FastenersandWrist Watch Display Cabinet Design). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Fiberglass Filtering Net for Foundry.

The results ofPlastic Pipe (PAP) Pipe for Hot and Cold Water and Heatingsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Eucalyptus Wood Peeling Machineshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Push Button Switch 12mm Metal Switch 12V Momentary/on-off Switch 4 Pin with LED Light Logo, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Jeans Fabric Cutting Machine Fabric Canvas Cutting Machine Textile Knife Cutting Machine Factory Price Ce Good Quality, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Fan Knit Scarves, Acrylic Scarf, Acrylic Knitted Scarf Jacquard Football Scarf-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Ce Ceritification Home Garage Car Paring Lift System-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Hot Sale PC LED Tube Light Housing Batten Extrusion Machine. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Pet Masterbatch Twin Screw Extruder Machine).

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OEM Battery Glass Housing Rear Back Door with Camera Lens for Samsung S9 S9 Plus, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (100W All in One Integrated Solar LED Street Light with CCTV WiFi Camera for Garden Farm Yard Road Lighting, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Industrial UV Flatbed Printer Large Format Inkjet Printer for Glass Printing, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Digital Printable Blockout, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (High Purity Psa Oxygen Generator for Hospital & Medical, curve c).Laser Marking Machine Wuhan Portable Handheld CNC Marker Fiber Laser.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Vibratory Bowl - for Polished Finish on Wheels / Alloys,99.994% Pure 0.5mm 1mm 1.5mm 2mm X-ray Shielding Lead Sheet.GPS Car Tracking Device GPS311 Mini Micro GPS Tracking Device with Free Web Platform and Mobile APP, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Qt4-24 New Type Concrete Hollow Fly Ash Block Bricks Making Machine Suppliers From Factory-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Korean Custom Fashion Big Capacity Travel Backpack (RSS-104-1), curve b).Gypsum Decorative Gypsum Cornice.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Eriflex Standard Flexible Busbar, curve b).100mm Metal Diamond Grinding Cup Wheel for Epoxy Concrete Floor, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Mitered Corner Aluminum Poster Profile Snap Photo Frame, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Welded Wire Mesh for Sieving Mesh-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.1.8 Meter Oneprint Tex-1800 Series Transfer Paper Sublimation Printer.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Flexible Energy Saving Ceramic Fiber Jacket for Exhaust Pipe Insulation-Adults Cheap 26 Inch Fat Bycicle Mountain E Bike Electric Bicycle.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Superior Quality High Security Anti-Climb Wall Spikes]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Trailer Parker Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Polysilicone Impression Material Putty Dental Impression Material]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[380V/220V Automatic Leather/Rubber /Fabric Splitting Machine for Sale]

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RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Nylon Nuts/Nylon Lock Nuts/Square Nuts/ Flange Nuts/Wing Nuts/ Hex Nuts/Cap Nuts]

SÁNCHEZ-MIGALLON, M.P.; ARANDA, F.J.; GÓMEZFERNANDEZ, J.C. The interaction of a-tocopherol with phosphatidylserine vesicles and calcium.Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Amsterdam, v.1281, p.23-30, 1996[4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Black PE Engineering Plastic Nylon Support BlockCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Avonflow White Bathroom Clothes Drying Rack Electric Heater
E-mail:Black Wire Cloth (filter wire mesh)