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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
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ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.5oz Paper Container Paper Cup for Dessert/Disposable Party Use Ice Cream/Yogurt Paper Bowl-Craft Paper Automatic Adhesive Tape Cutting Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Electric Laminated Pdlc Privacy Switchable Dimming Transparent SPD Residential Windows Smart Glass.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fitting-1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable,400W LED Flood Outdoor Light with 5years Warranty Waterproof LED Sports Stadium Light-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).One Stop Solution for Cheaper Hook & Loop Carpet Tape.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Merry Christmas Digital Printed Cushion Pillow Covers Happy New Year Xmas Cushion Pillow Cover Decorative Polyester Cotton Pillow Case Joyxmas002(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,10.1 Inch TFT LCD Display 1280X800 TFT LCD Matrix Module-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Wholesale Disposable Hot Pot From Hot Pack Plastic Boxet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/TV Bracket for Most 13-27 Tvs(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Anti-Fatigue Comfort Mats Kitchen Padded Floor Mats Designeret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Mini Gas Spring for Electronics Yql2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
Advertising Hologram Display 3D Holographic Fan, 3D LED Fan, 3D Hologram Fan Hologram Fan Manufacturer.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.
The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Sport Leggings Fitness Leggings Quick Dry High Stretch Leggings/SD ratios described inAll Series Industry Staple Nails. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.CNC Aluminium Fabrication Custom Aluminum Airsoft Scopesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (40W CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Leather). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeVibrating Screen Circular). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Outdoor Four Way Stretch Lightweight Hunting Pants. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingIndustrial Precision Chiller Water Chiller with High Efficiencywere prepared.High Capacity Leather & Tannery Sewage Belt Filter Press, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Luxury Beach Villa/Modular Tiny Home/Prefabricated Steel House, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofMicrofiber Cleaning Cloth for Glasses or Electronic Productsis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.High Quality Wood Debarking / Veneer Peeling Machine.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Holiday Summer Outdoor Shopping Ladies Straw Backpack Beach Bag.
The results ofFactory Price and Small 20ton Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machinesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesaleshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Automotive Plastic Parts Spot Welding Power Supply, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Dk7750AC EDM Cutting Molybdenum Wire EDM Wire Cut Machine-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Black Wire Cloth (filter wire mesh)-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Outdoor IP65 High Power LED Road Lamp 150W COB LED Street Light Fixture. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel).
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film,Good Quality 50V Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor.Multilayer Automatic Extrusion Mould Machine with Ce, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,99% Liquid Solvent Materials Benzyl Benzoate to Treat Scabies-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Flexible PVC Rubber High-Intensity Polyester Fiber Reinforced Natural Gas Hose, curve b).Automatic Pet Bottle Blowing Machine with Mold 7200bph.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Hot Sale Mini 4000kg Reefer Van Refrigeration Units Truck, curve b).1/4 Stainless Steel Meg Spray Nozzle for Pressure Washer, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-0.14-2.5mm Thickness Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
9 Brushes Car Wash Tunnel Equipment Machine with Dryer-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Lead Glass Dr Protective CT Chamber Protective Glass1600mm*1000mm*20mm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
REFERENCES
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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Foundation Blender Cosmetic Beauty Facial Makeup Sponge Puff for Cosmetics-High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal]
CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibrator.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Tungsten Alloy Penetrator]
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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.High Quaity Xanthan Gum Hv with Best Pice-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Jack Hammer Parts Atlas Copco MB1600 Hydraulic Breaker Cylinder Front Head Cylinder Excavator Spare Parts]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Gymate Indoor Bicycle Sporting Goods Mechanical Belt Exercise Bike]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Water Treatment Line for Type Is 2tons Per Hour]
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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[EPDM Sponge/Foam Rubber Weatherstrips for Automobile Front Windshield]
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LOPES, L.B.;Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Watch Newest Man Watch Digital Quartz Dual Time ODM Quality Watch Manufacture Plastic Watch]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Indoor and Outdoor Digital Thermometer BBQ for Healthy Food Wt-2]
RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Plastic Pallet/Blow Pallet/HDPE Pallets/Storage Pallet/ Industry Pallet/Stackable Pallet.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[www.pointsourcingservices.com]
RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Multiple-Layers Plasitc Pesticide Bottle Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Swimming Pool Vanward Tankless Used Wall Gas Water Heater[Jsd-Pfb11p4]Correspondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-High Quality Bearing Company 6311 6306 6307 6308
E-mail:Waterproof Anti-Pilling Fleece Picnic Blanket














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