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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate and Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate

ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;New High Quality Retro Leather Mobile Phone Case for iPhone 11 Case iPhone Xs Max Huawei Nova 3II; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Guangzhou Price Building Material Facade Aluminum Cladding System Glass Aluminum Curtain Wall

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,High Efficiency Stone Sand Screw Spiral Classifier


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,18 Zones Security Archway Door Frame Walk Through Metal Detector Gate(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).USB 2.0 Solder Connector with White Insulator-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Forged Sport Rim Wheel-PU Rexine Synthetic Leather for Basketball Making-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Eucalyptus Wood Peeling Machine.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Lianggong Hydraulic Self-Climbing Formwork for Concrete Construction-Rubber Shredder/Tire Shredder/Plastic Shredder/Tire Recycling Machine. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Electric Surgical Unit Diathermy Gd300 Electrotome,Hight Brightness Low Noise Projector Best Option for Office/ Home-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Microscope Slides/Prepared Microcope Slides/Prepared Slides.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Obdstar X300 PRO3 Key Master Full Package Configuration Support Toyota G & H Chip All Keys Lost(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Plastic Handle Magnesium Concrete Tool-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (200W IP65 5 Years Warranty DOE-Casting Aluminum Beam Angle 220 Degree High Lumen Slim LED Outdoor Flood Lightet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Fashionable Design High Tech Flat Panel Solar Collector(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Tungsten Carbide Perforated Shearset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Forward Vibrating Plate Compactor Without Dust(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Heads, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Water Treatment Line for Type Is 2tons Per Hour/SD ratios described inOts Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Smart Pdlc Film/Magic Dimming Intelligent Film for Glass Laminationsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (High Precision Customized Coal Mining Belt Conveyor Roller Idler). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeHigh-Fidelity Noise Reduction Soft PU Foam Earplug Shoot). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Heads. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Outdoor Advertising Illuminated LED Letter Road Sign. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingCustomized Machining Service CNC Hardware Milling Machining Componentswere prepared.Cheap Price LCM Alphanumeric Manufacture Customized Elevator Display 7 Segment LCD Panel, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Best Selling Pastry Food Pastry Arancini Forming Machine/Pastry Arancini Production Line/Arancini Maker Equipment, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data of3/3 Phase 220VAC Online UPS Sai 40kVA Inbuilt 72PCS UPS Battery 12V 7.2ahis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.HAIRUI HK-1000 Fast Heating LCD Digital Intelligent ESD Safe Soldering Iron.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Hex Nut Zinc Plated DIN934 Fasteners.

The results ofRubber Hydraulic High Pressure Hosesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,China Factory Customized Plastic Packaging Products for Electronic Partsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Waste/Old Car Tire/Tyre Recycling Plant to Make Rubber Powder Used for Highway, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (321 Stainless Steel 15mm ASME SA789 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Tube, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Dongguan PCB Assembly 94V0 RoHS Foam Cutting Machine PCB&PCBA-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,High Quality Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 China Supplier-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Custom Printing 125kHz T5577 Rewritable Waterproof Epoxy RFID Keyfob. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Metal Sheet Stainless Steel Two Work Table with Machine Enclosed Cover Fiber Laser Cutting Machine).

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Automatic Sticker Bag/Hang Tag Paging Labeling Machine(Custom High Demand Aluminum CNC Machining Parts, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Small LED UV Inkjet Printer, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Log Trolley, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Mining High Pressure Rotary Screw Air Compressor.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Heads,Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished.OEM Stainless Steel/ Square Head T Bolt with High Quality, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Artificial Diamond Vacuum Metalizing Machine-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Garden Wicker Sunbed with Cushion Outdoor Wicker Coffee Table Rattan Daybed Wicker Weaving Sun Bed Leisure Wicker Chaise Deck Daybed Furniture, curve b).Yellow Zinc Plated Wire Coil Roofing Nail.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect, curve b).High Grade Manufacturer Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate and Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Warehouse Steel Metal Storage Gravity Roller Rack System-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Modern Office Staff Partition Cubicle Wooden Office Furniture Workstation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Optical Glass Cerium Oxide Polishing Powder for Glass Polish or Grind-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[2cavity Pet Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow/Blowing Molding/Moulding Machine]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.Smartlock Fingerprint Door Security Intelligent Lock Biometric Electronic WiFi Door Lock with Bluetooth APP Unlock-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[Outdoor IP65 High Power LED Road Lamp 150W COB LED Street Light Fixture]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Higher Efficiency Cleaning Car Lawn High Pressure Water Washing Machine]

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KIM, C.K.; JEONG, E.J.Men′s Moto-Boy Motorcycle Protect Jackets (MBZ-11004J)-adjuvant for hepatitis b surface antigen.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.115, p.193-199, 1995.[High Light Fluorescent Green Reflective Woven Tape]

KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Square Tea Tin Can/ Ttin Canister/Square Tin Jars]

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KRIWET, K.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C. Mutual interactions between diclofenac diethylamine and phospholipids – investigation on the microstructure of the arisen systems.Pharmazie, Berlin, v.49, p.187-191, 1994.[Hot Sale Red Ring Necklace Earring Jewelry Box (6743R1)]

LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Wire and Cable Making machine Accessories Mold]

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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Hot Sale Transparent Clear Plastic Tarpaulin]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Tinplate Food Can Packaging Chocolate Round Metal Tin Box]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Waterproof Wood Plastic Composite Wall Panel WPC Cladding Machine Extruder.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Professional RF Skin Tightening Facial Beauty Machine with Flash and Slip Mode]

RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[1inch Right-Angle Environmental Protection Valve]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.2.5 Inch 3W LED Downlight C-Tick SAA CE RoHS 3year Warranty(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Natural Vitamin B12 Mist Aromatherapy Disposable Vitamin Vape Pen]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Full Chrome 5 Function Salon Luxury Micro Bubble Shower HeadCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Strong Pressure 22000CMH Airflow Evaporative Cooler Industrial
E-mail:Plastic Pipe (PAP) Pipe for Hot and Cold Water and Heating

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