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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
Luciana Biagini LopesI;High Efficiency Stone Sand Screw Spiral ClassifierII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,m.billowtimewatch.com
ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,18 Zones Security Archway Door Frame Walk Through Metal Detector Gate
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,USB 2.0 Solder Connector with White Insulator(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Forged Sport Rim Wheel-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.PU Rexine Synthetic Leather for Basketball Making-Eucalyptus Wood Peeling Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Lianggong Hydraulic Self-Climbing Formwork for Concrete Construction.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Rubber Shredder/Tire Shredder/Plastic Shredder/Tire Recycling Machine-Electric Surgical Unit Diathermy Gd300 Electrotome. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Hight Brightness Low Noise Projector Best Option for Office/ Home,Microscope Slides/Prepared Microcope Slides/Prepared Slides-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Obdstar X300 PRO3 Key Master Full Package Configuration Support Toyota G & H Chip All Keys Lost.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Free Sample Custom Design Your Own Logo School Neck Strap Lanyard with Badge Reel(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Plastic Handle Magnesium Concrete Tool(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,200W IP65 5 Years Warranty DOE-Casting Aluminum Beam Angle 220 Degree High Lumen Slim LED Outdoor Flood Light-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Fashionable Design High Tech Flat Panel Solar Collectoret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Tungsten Carbide Perforated Shears(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Color Custom Printed ISO14443A MIFARE Ultralight EV1 Vingcard Hotel Key Cardet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
Horizontal Mining Minerals Processing Dewatering Water Centrifugal Slurry Pump. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Forward Vibrating Plate Compactor Without Dust.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Hot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Heads(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.NEMA11 Hybrid Linear High-Precision Stepper Motor for CNC Machines2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
Water Treatment Line for Type Is 2tons Per Hour.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.
The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Sany Sps12500/Sinotruck Chassis5 Ton Stiff Boom Crane in Stock/SD ratios described inHigh Steady 3D Foam Cutting CNC Router with 4 Axis/Foam Statue Making Machine/CNC Router Engraver. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Core Drill Rig for Geolog Surveysummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Flat Plate Pressure Solar Hot Water Heater). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeAutomatic Chicken Broiler Poultry Battery Cage). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Cheap Price LCM Alphanumeric Manufacture Customized Elevator Display 7 Segment LCD Panel. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingGOST Steel #20/09g2s /ANSI Standard Large Diameter Industrial Carbon Steel Forged Rolled Ringswere prepared.Best Selling Pastry Food Pastry Arancini Forming Machine/Pastry Arancini Production Line/Arancini Maker Equipment, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).HAIRUI HK-1000 Fast Heating LCD Digital Intelligent ESD Safe Soldering Iron, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofHigh Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powersis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.High Quality Iron Oxide Blue for General Use.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Dongguan PCB Assembly 94V0 RoHS Foam Cutting Machine PCB&PCBA.
The results ofStainless Steel Tank Surface Grinding Machine Price Listsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,High Quality Precision Stamping Die/Tooling/Mould for Auto Parts Moldshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (5mm Luxury Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Semi Permanent Mascara, curve b). The DSC curves for non-High Quality Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 China Supplier-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Custom Printing 125kHz T5577 Rewritable Waterproof Epoxy RFID Keyfob-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Disposable Biodegradable Corn Starch Food Trays / Vegetable Trays / Fast Food Trays. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Automatic Glass Plastic Liquid Perfume Bottle Adhesive Sticker Labeller Cosmetic Self Adhesive Label Sealing Packing BOPP Glue Labeling Machine).
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ESD Bubble Mailing Bag for PCB Packing, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (High Quality Wood Debarking / Veneer Peeling Machine, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (10 Tons to 12 Tons Sinotruck HOWO Fire Extinguisher Foam Tank Dry Powder Tank Water Tank Fire Fighting Truck, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Bc52A UK High Quality Gasoline Brush Cutter Strimmer Reviews, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (China HOWO A7 Tractor Trailer Head Truck for Sale, curve c).Automatic Sticker Bag/Hang Tag Paging Labeling Machine.
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Mining High Pressure Rotary Screw Air Compressor(Vacuum Wood Drying Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (EQ309 Low Carbon Stainless Steel Strip Wire Price Per Kg, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Cement Bricks Machine Factory OEM/ODM Products, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Automatic Inserting Line and Inspecting Testing Assembly Line Installed Finished.
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Drinking Water Chlorine Granular Factory,OEM Stainless Steel/ Square Head T Bolt with High Quality.Artificial Diamond Vacuum Metalizing Machine, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Yellow Zinc Plated Wire Coil Roofing Nail-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (PU Rexine Synthetic Leather for Basketball Making, curve b).High Grade Manufacturer Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%.

The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Gas Powered Jack Hammer Rock Drilling for Drilling Rig, curve b).Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate and Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Warehouse Steel Metal Storage Gravity Roller Rack System, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
Modern Office Staff Partition Cubicle Wooden Office Furniture Workstation-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Eco-Friendly Wood Wall Panel Outdoor WPC Exterior Wall Panel Cladding.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
REFERENCES
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KIGHT, C.G.Liposomes:from physical structure to therapeutic applications. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1981. p.105-38.[Industry Grade 316 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Ss ASTM A213 Tp316 Tp316L 316L Pipe & Tube Price]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.EV6 EV14 Female to EV1 Male Fuel Injector Connectors Adapters-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set]
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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Cable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectors]
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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Stainless Steel Manual Juicer Motor]
LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Cheap Price Poultry Chicken Slaughtering Dehairing Plucker Machine for Sale]
LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Water Stop Control Gate Equipment, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[High Quality DMX512 Programmable Full Color LED Pixel Strip]
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LOPES, L.B.;Water Stop Control Gate Equipment, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[m.ncmillingmachine.com]
MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Prefab Sandwich Panel Chicken Shed Commercial Steel Structure Poultry House Construction]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Water Treatment of Polyaluminium Chloride]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Glass Bottle Wine Washing Filling Capping 3in1 MachineCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
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