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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini Lopes^I;Retro DOT Truck Reflective Tape^II; Newton Lindolfo Pereira^II; Luana Cardoso de Oliveira^I; Anselmo Gomes Oliveira^I,Baby Pvc Water-Resistant Garment

^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,[Qisong] Universal Performance Exhaust Tips for Automobile

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,CNC Milling Services for Dji Drone Toy Drone Aluminum 7075 6061 Material(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine-1 55 Inch Big LCD Advertising Display LCD Touch Monitor Touch Screen LED-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.New Design Hot Stamping PVC Ceiling & PVC Wall Panel for MID East Market-Manual Stainless Steel Strapping Tool-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Mic Cheap Summer Wholesale Slippers PE Flip Flop Slipper Men.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.4 Cores FTTH Mini Fiber Optic Terminal Box/Patch Panel-Heavy Duty Jt50 Right Angle Gearboxes Gear Drives 90 Degree Bevel Boxes. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).C2-200 Double Point High Precision Punching Machine,10tons Payload 6*4 Dongfeng Tipper for Engineering-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Yemen Mocha Drip Coffee Bagging Machine.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Luxury Goose Duck Down Feather Filling Pillow for Hotel Home(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)7 Inch Simple Pattern Plastic Handle Decorative Art Roller(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Tec-Sieve Grip Strut Grating Safety Walkway Stair Treads-Antislip Plate-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniatureet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Bedroom Furniture MFC Wooden Panel 2door with Drawer Wardrobe(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Design PVC Foam Ceiling Partition Furniture Boardet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Vitamin E 50% Feed Grade Certified by Famiqs(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Mini Farm Excavator Farm Digging Machine, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Qt8-15 Automatic Cement Interlocking Paving Brick Making Machine for Sale₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Polished Machinery Accessories Aluminum Die Casting/SD ratios described inAluminum Roller Shutters. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.High Ground Clearance Self Propelled Boom Sprayersummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Private Label High Quality Moisturizing Apple Stem Cell Essence for Whitening Skin Care). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seewww.findcarmirror.com). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Mini Farm Excavator Farm Digging Machine. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

5 Tons/Day Tube Ice Machine (TV50). For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingOEM Customized High Quality CNC Machining Copper Knurled Insert (F-144)were prepared.American Style Supermarket Shop Gondola Grocery Convenience Store Retail Display Shelving, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Ash 2.5mm Plywood Decorative Plywood Colored, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofElectric Actuated Double Flanged Butterfly Valveis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.White Bike Accessories Silicone Grip Rubber Available Bicycle Handlebar Grips.

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Low-Cost Industrial Grade HPMC Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Chemical Additive.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full AvaliableandOxygen Plant O2 Gas Station Psa Gas Filling for Oxygen Gas Station). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Etd44 Horizontal High Frequency Transformers with 100kHz Ferrite Cores.

The results ofAutomotive Metal High Quality Metal Stampingsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Customized Machine Pressing Metal Accessories Stamping Partshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734), curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Green House Plastics, curve b). The DSC curves for non-IP66 Gery Color Outdoor Enclosure Wall Mount Cabinet-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Customized Zamac3 Die Cast Small Heat Sink-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,7r 230W Event Moving Head Beam Light. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Zipper Bag Nut Packaging Ziplock Bag).

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Ozone Generator for Cleaning Vegetables and Friuts, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Big Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottle, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Wholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socks, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Cosmetics Anti Aging Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 CAS 171263-26-6 Lipopeptide Acetate, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition ( Fzn25 Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker, curve c).Bestsub Sublimation iPhone 11 PRO Cover W/O Insert (Rubber, Black).

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China-Pulley-Auto-Accessory-Belt-Tensioner-for-Engine-Truck-6s9w-C56.520200(Dsr150g China Roots Blower Used for Waste Water Treatment, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Super Hardness B4c Boron Carbide Ceramic Nozzle for Sand Blasting, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (FORD Automatic slack adjuster, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Large Airflow Trailer Stainless Steel Full Mirror Panel Factory Special Sale.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Mini Farm Excavator Farm Digging Machine,Hc-2018 High Precision Semi Automatic Pneumatic Vertical Type Stripping Machine for Wire Cable, Stripper.Qkj1319 Oil Country Pipe Cutting Horizontal Big Bore CNC Pipe Threading Lathe, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,32 Oz Food Container Rectangular Meal Preparation Bento Box with Lid-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (API 5L/ASTM A53/JIS G3444 STK540 ERW/HFW Carbon Steel Pipes, curve b).Filter Bag for Office and Household Vacuum Cleaners.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (23.6 Narrow Slim Edge of Cap Touch Screen, curve b).Expanded Polystyrene EPS Beads Filling Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-St00118 Sinotruk HOWO Heavy Duty 6X4 Tractor Truck 420HP -Non Used Mini FAW Isuzu Beiben Foton Pick up Cargo Vehicle Tipper Dump Dumper Van Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

5L 10L Bottle Double Station HDPE Extrusion Blow Molding Machine-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Ce&ISO Certificated Electric Hydraulic Pump Station (Sov Sdb 55) with 2 Years Warranty.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Aluminum Roller Shutters-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[String Wound Filters Whole House Water Filter Cartridges]

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MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Snap Action Thermostat/Current Protector (V7AM A)]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Automatic 3 Way Butterfly ValveCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
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