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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;Mens Softshell Outdoor Sport Jacket with Fleece InsideII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Photosensitive Mini Smoke Detector Domestic Fire Alarm

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,23.6 Narrow Slim Edge of Cap Touch Screen


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,China Supplier Customized Security Void Open Packing Tape(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Polycarbonate Chocolate Molds Chocolate Making Tools with MOQ 200-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Price Sandwich Factory Aluminium Composite Panel/Sheets-Men Quick-Drying Breathable Running Gym Fitness Clothes Sportswear-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Precision Standard Steel Tablet Press Punch Die Set.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Metal Round Storage Tin Storage Box Caddy-2019 New Stylish Black Fish Rod Wrought Iron Floor Lamps Lampara Sale. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Trade Assurance Supplier Rigid Drainage Black Steel  Pipe,Ce/ISO Approved Endoscopy 7.5 Fr Endoscope Injection Needle-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).200psi Di Body C509 Flange*Push on Joint Ends Non Rising Stem Gate Valve with UL Listed.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Free Samples Customized Superior Quality BOPP Plastic Bag Food Packing Bag with Resealable Zipper for Dog/Cat Food(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Edp Micro Coaxial Cable Jae Fi-Re51 51p 0.5pitch Lvds Cable for 4K TV(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Automatic CNC Animal Bird Cages Mesh Welding Machine-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (2019 Wholesale Multicolor Baby Sandal Leather Tassel Shoeset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/White Biodegradable Packaging Bagasse Paper Takeaway Food Container Box(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Garden Wicker Sunbed with Cushion Outdoor Wicker Coffee Table Rattan Daybed Wicker Weaving Sun Bed Leisure Wicker Chaise Deck Daybed Furnitureet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Bifenthrin 25g/L Ec. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,4.5mm THK 600lb Graphite Filler Spiral Wound Gasket Ss316 API 601.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Shock Wave Therapy Equipment for Tendonitis and Plantar Fasciitis(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734), pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Small LED UV Inkjet Printer, Flatbed Machine A3 Size Digital Printer for Any Hard Materials, with Five Colors and High Resolution2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

30ml 7000mg Hemp Seed Oil Hemp Cbd Organic Essential Oil Herbal Drops Massage Body Relieve Stress Oil Skin Care Help Sleep.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-DJ Easy Install Portable Platform Mobile Wedding Decoration Acrylic Glass Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage/SD ratios described inPower Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machinesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (WiFi Smart Light Switch DIY Breaker Module Tuya APP Remote Control Working with Alexa Echo). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeRsm Series Single Acting Low Height Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734). The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Factory Price 1000 Ml White UV Ink for Ricoh UV Printer. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platformwere prepared.New Arrival Decal Porcelain Dinnerware Wholesale Tableware China Cookware Factory Party Supplier, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofAC220V Cheap Laser Spot Welding Machine Jewelry Laser Welderis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Automotive Metal High Quality Metal Stamping.

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Competitive Price Feeding Storage Silo for Sale.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Tungsten Carbide Grits 4andLadies Sexy Brief Liquidation). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,OEM Brand High Precision Cylindrical Roller Bearing for Large and Medium-Sized Motor.

The results ofSurgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clipssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Waterproof Ss Body Mini LED 1W 3W Underground Recessed Concrete Lightsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Large Width Size PE Protective Plastic Film Use for Packing, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Blank Medal Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Price UHP Grade Graphite Electrode with Tapered Nipple for Steel Mills, Block, Powder, Mould, Sheet-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Home Automation Smart Bidet PCBA Board-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Exterior Facade Invisible Frame Reflective Blue Glass Curtain Wall Price. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Think Vape Thor PRO Box Mod 220W).

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Nippon Paint 30-600mm Width Prepainted Color Coated Steel Strip, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Flexible PVC Clear & Opaque Vinyl Rolls, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (API 4 Inch 100mm Cast Steel Pneumatic Operated Soft Seal Knife Gate Valve, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Electric Vehicle DC Motor Used for Automotive off-Road Vehicle Wheelchair E-Scooter Golf Cart Agv Cart, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Mini Farm Excavator Farm Digging Machine, curve c).Heat Insulation Materials Product Aluminum Foil Non Woven Fabric Rolls.

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Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine(Automatic Composite Curing Autoclave for Composite Material and Carbon Fiber, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Okh Brand Water Based Acrylic Printed BOPP Tape, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (G550 Anti-Finger Alu-Zinc Alloy/Hot Dipped Galvalume Steel Sheet/Aluzinc/Aluminium Steel Coil, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Electric Tubular Motor Window Motor Roller Rolling Shutter Door Motor.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-S1p Men Safety Shoes Basic Footwear Smooth Leather PU Sole Work Shoes Wearproof High Quality Always Stock up Competitive Price Low Cut Business Office (SN5734),Eco Friendly Free Reusable Egg Carton Egg Tray for Sale.1/2 Inch 79 Degree Sr K5.6 Fire Sprinkler, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Dahan Self-Erecting Construction Building Tower Crane Qtz315 (7530)-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Pneumatic Industrial Air Chipping Hammer Air Forging Hammer, curve b).Large Capacity Double Suction Water Pump Set.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Custom Logo LED Night Shining Golf Ball Training Ball, curve b).Non-Curing Rubber Modified Bitumen Waterproof Coating, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Fashion Canvas Travel Document Messenger Airline Sling Shoulder Bag, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

1 3-PCS Female Thread Screw PTFE Floating Stainless Steel Ball Valve-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Second Hand Rebar Mill Steel Rolling Machine.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.C1s Art Paper Greeting Cards Invitation Cards Wholesale Custom Printing Accept-2 Layer Electronics Smart Toilet Seat Bidet PCBA Board.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Stainless Wire Braided White and Black PTFE Hose]

CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Trailer Parker Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinder for Sale.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[New Hot Selling Simple PU Leather Backpack for Young Women]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.Custom Precision CNC Machining Parts Machining Stainless Steel 316-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[ plumbing laser pex-al-pex pipe fitting)]

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Press Molding Weather Resistant Water Proof Industry Rubber Grommet-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Wide Mouth Bottle Plastic Jar Blow Molding Machine Extrusion Blowing Moulding Machine 2 Cavities]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Economical P40 Monoblock Flow Control Valve for Snow Plough]

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Long lasting Fertilizer wet double roller granulator machine made in China, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[ Beach Chair]

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LOPES, L.B.;Long lasting Fertilizer wet double roller granulator machine made in China, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamp Butterfly Valve with Type Multi-Position Handle]

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MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[ASTM A193 B7 Stud & A194 2h Nut Threaded Rod]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Jublilation Firecrackers Import Powerful Red Firecracker in MalaysiaCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Rubber Oil Gasoline Hose for Fuel Dispenser Pump
E-mail:Sanitary Stainless Steel 304 316 Flange Adaptor

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