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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,985b Medium Back Leather Boss Chair

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Multiple-Layers Plasitc Pesticide Bottle Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Perfect Homes Furniture 6 Seater Beige Rubber Wood Dining Table-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Chain Grate Stoker 10 Ton Coal Wood Fired Steam Industrial Boiler Price-Cable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectors-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Factory OEM New Designer Leather Fashion Tote Bag Lady Handbag.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire-AC 12V/24V 100W H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Power Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press,Gi Steel Grating, Gi Bar Grating-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutter(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Flexible Pex-Al-Pex Pipe for Hot Water and Heating Application(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Wholesale Block Countersunk Hole NdFeB Speaker Neodymium Magnetet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/High-Strength Factory Price Gi Galvanized Aluminium Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Componentset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Yojo AC250dq Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Water HAVC Oil Food(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24dd, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Used₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Black Smooth Finish ABS Plastic Injection Molded Items Speaker for Office Use/SD ratios described inFlat Bed Horizontal CNC Lathe Machine Ck6140 China Cheap and Economic CNC Lathe. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Black Lifesaving Surfing Life Vest with CE Approved (HT722)summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Customized Zamac3 Die Cast Small Heat Sink). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeMulti Functions Paper Roll Slitting and Rewinding Cutting Machine). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24dd. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

FRP GRP Round Tube, Fiberglass Product Tube, FRP Pipe. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMetal Clip U Shape PVC Edge Trim Seal Helmet Edging Trimwere prepared.Customized High Quality Silicone PVC Airpods Protective Case for Earphone, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Automatic Oil Bottle Filling Capping Sealing Machine with Factory Direct Supply, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofMarble Like 1.75mm 2.85mm PLA 3D Printing Filamentis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Air Conditioning Fog System Water Humidifier Water Jet Clamp Nozzle.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Custom Made Print Logo Cheaper Gross Grain Ribbon.

The results ofWeaving Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Meshsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Nylon Mesh Air Filter for Air Condition Parts (manufacture)shows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Popular Western Style Women Jewelry Vogue Beautiful Cross-Shaped Alloy Pendant Necklace, curve b). The DSC curves for non-65 4GB500GB I3 Floor Standing Touch All-in-One Kiosk Ad Player Advertising Display-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Factory Wholesale Customized Print Organza Ribbon with Satin Edge for Wrapping/Garments/Decoration/Wrapping/Christmas. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Dahan Self-Erecting Construction Building Tower Crane Qtz315 (7530)).

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China Manufacturer 3p 200A 250A 50Hz 380/410V 50ka Nsx250 MCCB, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (PVC Tarpaulin Sheet for 500GSM Waterproof Tarps 800d Tent Fabric, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Dst-50 Outdoor / Indoor Digital Thermometer Hygro Clock for Air Conditioner, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Hyaluronic Acid Gel, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (7A Virgin Human Hair Brazilian Curly Virgin Hair with Closure, curve c).China Best Quality Exhaust Downpipe for Bwm F10 M5.

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Fiberglass Mesh with High Quality and Low Price(10000bph Juice Glass Bottle Energy Drink Filling Machine, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (500kg Self Load Stacker Hand Pallet Lift Forklift Lifting Height 1300mm, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (China Beauty Supply 10600nm Fractional CO2 Laser Beauty Equipment, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Hot Sales Precision Casting Parts Dewaxing Casting Products.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24dd,OEM Aluminium Extrusion Machining Central Machinery CNC Machining Precision Machining Parts by CNC Machining.Plastic Stapler Office Stapler Book Stapler 213, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Best Selling Cooking Press/Edible Oil Filter Refining Making Machine-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Customized Oil and Waterproof Nylon Kitchen Cooking Chef Apron, curve b).Higher Efficiency Cleaning Car Lawn High Pressure Water Washing Machine.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Electro Galvanized Cattle Fence/ Filed Fence, curve b).Fiberglass Paper for HEPA Mini Pleated Air Filter, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Manufacturer Custom Size Paper Bag with Logo, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Auto Horizontal Foam Cutting Machine (PQ)-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Flower Printing PPGI / Special Pattern Coated Steel Sheet Coil / Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[30ml 7000mg Hemp Seed Oil Hemp Cbd Organic Essential Oil Herbal Drops Massage Body Relieve Stress Oil Skin Care Help Sleep]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[3mm Cast Glitter Acrylic Sheet]

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MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Pet BOPP Holographic Film for Packing or Lamination]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Cheap Price Flange Linear Motion Bearing for ShaftCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Korean Custom Fashion Big Capacity Travel Backpack (RSS-104-1)
E-mail:Magnetic Level Meter with Flip Plate