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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Brushless DC 100W PCB Card for Blower PCBA

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Dimmable Contracted LED PAR Light for Interior Lighting with E26 9W 12W 15W 18W 20W PAR 20 PAR30 PAR38(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Professional Manufacturer of Forged Grinding Media Steel Ball for Ball Mill in Metal Mines-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Updated Nano Stick Mobile Phone and iPad Stand Can Be Used in Desktop Cars. It Has Strong Viscosity and Can Be Washed Repeatedly-Disposable Embroidered Full Colour Cotton Pillow Case-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-High Speed 1500W to 5000W Electric Motorcycle.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Wholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socks-450~1500mm Coil Width Stainless Steel Reversible Cold Rolling Mill. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Compact Hydraulic Cylinder Piston Seal,Hydraulic Vane Pump Cartridge (6E6474 6E6477) for Caterpillar-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).High Speed Automatic Alcohol Prep Pad Packaging Machine.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Wholesale Mechanical Briquette Press Scrap Aluminum Machine(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Fracture Cam Walker Brace Orthopedic Walking Boot(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Straight Cut Wire and Florist Stem Wire (Factory)-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (2cavity Pet Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow/Blowing Molding/Moulding Machineet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Body Shaping Ultrasound Cavitation Slimming Machine Anti Cellulite(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;110g Long-Term Working Waterproof Chemical Resistant Black Latex Rubber Industrial Working Gloveset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Top Quality Terbinafine HCl 99%(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-E40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Custom Plastic Rubber Silicone Laser Backlit/Iuminous Switch/Buttons Keypad₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-High Quality SBR Rubber Sheet, Rubber Rolls, Rubber Mat, Rubber Flooring/SD ratios described inPower Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machinesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (WiFi Smart Light Switch DIY Breaker Module Tuya APP Remote Control Working with Alexa Echo). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see7 Segment Display Lcd). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-E40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Australian 3 Pin 10A 250V AC Power Cord Factory. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platformwere prepared.Safe and Reliable/ High Speed/ Carving Machine/ for Wood, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).ISO Approved Coal Fired Steam Boiler/ Steam Boiler /Biomass Fired Steam, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofAC220V Cheap Laser Spot Welding Machine Jewelry Laser Welderis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Hot Selling HSDPA 1A Waterproof 3G/4G Lte Outdoor Router.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Customized Sheet Metal Fabrication with Laser Cutting and Stamping.

The results ofSurgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clipssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Waterproof Ss Body Mini LED 1W 3W Underground Recessed Concrete Lightsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Large Width Size PE Protective Plastic Film Use for Packing, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Cutlery Wrapping Machine, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Zax230-6 Boom Arm Bucket Cylinder Seal Kit-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,SuperTIG200Di Digital AC DC Pulse TIG Welder-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Hot Sale Dermal Filler Lip Injection Hyaluronic Acid Lip Filler with Lidocaine. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Think Vape Thor PRO Box Mod 220W).

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Purple Household Stainless Steel Electric Kettle 1.8L, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Flexible PVC Clear & Opaque Vinyl Rolls, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (API 4 Inch 100mm Cast Steel Pneumatic Operated Soft Seal Knife Gate Valve, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (m.jumpamusement.com, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Mini Farm Excavator Farm Digging Machine, curve c).125kHz PVC Contactless T5577 Chip RFID Inlay/Smart Card Prelam 5577 Inlay Sheet.

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Cake Display Cabinet From China Supplier(Automatic Composite Curing Autoclave for Composite Material and Carbon Fiber, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Okh Brand Water Based Acrylic Printed BOPP Tape, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Ni Plated Neodymium Hook Magnet, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Factory Price Hotel Duck Down Pillow.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-E40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS,Txk 1 Ton Crane Scale for Material Handling.100 Gallon Automatic Ultrasonic Cleaner Power Lift with Agitation, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,New Tws Bluetooth Wireless Earbuds Stereo Headset for Sale-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Pneumatic Industrial Air Chipping Hammer Air Forging Hammer, curve b).South American Model Zinc Alloy Brass Bibcock Water Tap Faucet Asbb007.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Custom Logo LED Night Shining Golf Ball Training Ball, curve b).Plm-Sg60 Hydraulic Pipe End Forming Machine for Metal Pipe, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Stick/Upright/Handheld Bagless Vacuum Cleaner, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Stainless Steel Metal Stamping Tooling Stamping Die for Gas Cooker Oven-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Energy-Saving LED Downlight 10-50W.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Jublilation Firecrackers Import Powerful Red Firecracker in MalaysiaCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
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