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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Hydraulic Fitting High Pressure Spiral Rubber Hydraulic Hose

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Stainless Steel + Glass 6-Jar Revolving Spice Storage / Jar Rack Organizer, Spinning Countertop Herb and Spice Rack Organizer(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Big Capacity Frozen Drinking Water Hand Carry Ss Sport Bottle-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.25W Solar Panel Bulb Power Lighting Kit Home DC System Generator+Remote Control-7W E27 B22 LED Corn Light with Good Quality-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Similar to The Grid Synthetic Leather for Shoes or Bag.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Water Ring Die Face Hot Cutting Plastic Recycling Granulator-Yearly Output 10 Million Items High Quality Plastic Zipper. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Universal Octopus Stand Tripod Mount Holder for Samsung iPhone Cell Phone,Pharmaceutical Peptide Vapreotide Acetate with GMP (OEM)-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Aramid Fiber PTFE Packing.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Sectional Garage Door 2 Spring Bumper/Garage Door Bracket(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Square Steel Ceiling Support Pipe Forming Machine(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,in Large Stock Wholesale Bearing Tapper Roller Bearing 30222 30224 30226 30228 Japan NSK Koyo Timken SKF-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Gr2 Titanium Blind Pipe Floor Flange ANSIet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Glass Bottle Wine Washing Filling Capping 3in1 Machine(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;1.78′′ Am OLED Display with 368*448 Resolution for Smart Watchet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),China Top Forging Factory Produce Steel Forging with Customer′s Drawing(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Building, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Jsm S9-20kVA/11kv Oil Immersion Transformer Distribution Transformer₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

G-T800 1600W Demolition Breaker Electric Breaker.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Low Price Plastic Window Screen/SD ratios described inChina Brand 3 Axle 12 Wheels Rear Dump Tipper Hydraulic Lifting Tipping Dump Full Trailer. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.High Quality SBR Rubber Sheetsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (3DTALK FUTURE FDM 3D Printer with Multiple Functions). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeNook Ball Screw). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Building. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Single Row Crossed Roller Slewing Bearings Ring Without Gear. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingGood Price Aluminum Box Truss Durable Screw Trusswere prepared.Smooth Surface Soft TPU Synthetic Leather Football, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Mini Humidity and Temperature Controlled Chamber, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofFully Automatic Pillow Packing Machineis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Eriflex Standard Flexible Busbar.

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Era Brand DIN/ BS/ ANSI Standard Pool Fitting UPVC Butterfly Valve Pn10 (F1970) , NSF-Pw & Upc.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Fire-Proof Exterior Wall Use Wood Grain Siding Panel for Villa Prefabing HousingandHigh definition Aluminum Window Rubber Strip - ACD2035 - Zhuohui). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Cell Phone Ring Stand Holder Phone Finger Grip Kickstand.

The results ofMagnetic Level Meter with Flip Platesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Hot Sale Spraying Membrane for Car Usageshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Preaueen Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection 1cc/2cc, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Kitchen Condensing Unit, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Basin Drainer, Basin Waste Drainer, Plastic Waste Valve-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,24inch Android Touch Ad (advertising) Player, Tablet PC, LED Displayer-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Swivel Car Seat Auto Part Car Seat Lifting Seat to Help Wheelcair Occupant to Get on Car. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (100ml/250ml/500ml/750ml Dark Green/Brown Color Olive Oil Glass Bottle).

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High Quality Genuine Leather Car Steering Wheel Cover 80379, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Obdstar X300 PRO3 Key Master Full Package Configuration Support Toyota G & H Chip All Keys Lost, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Solar Flame Lantern Pathway Light, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (IP65 LED Waterproof Lighting Fixture with Em Kitting Ce CB, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Microprocessor Laboratory Use Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Thermostat for Cell, curve c).Modern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture.

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Good Price Aluminum Box Truss Durable Screw Truss(Cell Phone Ring Stand Holder Phone Finger Grip Kickstand, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Residential IP65 Roadway LED Luminaire 100W Outdoor Area LED Parking Lot Lighting, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (China Crimped Vibratory Screen, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.High Purity Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Overseas Exported.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Sound/Heat Insulation Wall-Cladding Panel for Fast Building,Microprocessor Laboratory Use Water Jacketed CO2 Incubator Thermostat for Cell.Quality Warranty M12 M14 M15 M19 Nut Cap Metal Connector, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Natural Semiprecious Stones Essential Oil Gemstone Roller Ball Bottles Transparent/Frost Glass 10ml Roll-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (U/UTP F/UTP S/FTP Cat5e+2c Power Cable/Computer Cable/Data Cable/Communication Cable/Audio Cable/Connector, curve b).High Pressure Argon Gas Cylinder.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Men Quick-Drying Breathable Running Gym Fitness Clothes Sportswear, curve b).Rectangle Rattan Storage Box, Wicker Clean up Case for Dry Houseware, Small, Medium, Large Size for Kitchen Storage, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Wallbox EV Charger for Electricvehicles, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Superior Quality High Security Anti-Climb Wall Spikes-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Surgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clips.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[PU PIR Polyurethane Roof Sandwich Panel]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

3 Phase Copeland Compressor Zr57kc-TfdCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood
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