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Print versionISSN1516-9332
Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006
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ORIGINAL PAPERS
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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados
Luciana Biagini LopesI;Factory OEM New Designer Leather Fashion Tote Bag Lady HandbagII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,Woodworking Machine Veneer Spindle Rotary Peeling Machine for Plywood Making
ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire
ABSTRACT
Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,AC 12V/24V 100W H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Power Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Gi Steel Grating, Gi Bar Grating-Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutter.
Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Flexible Pex-Al-Pex Pipe for Hot Water and Heating Application-Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel. Differential scanning calorimetry
RESUMO
Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Wholesale Block Countersunk Hole NdFeB Speaker Neodymium Magnet,High-Strength Factory Price Gi Galvanized Aluminium Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Components.
Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.
INTRODUCTION
Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverter(Giovannettiet al., 1993).
Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Digital Door Lock System, Intelligent RFID Card Hotel Lock(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).
Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Yojo AC250dq Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Water HAVC Oil Food-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).
DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24ddet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Used(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Square Tea Tin Can/ Ttin Canister/Square Tin Jarset al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.
Methods
Liposome Preparation
Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kit, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.FRP GRP Round Tube, Fiberglass Product Tube, FRP Pipe2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.
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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Automatic Oil Bottle Filling Capping Sealing Machine with Factory Direct Supply/SD ratios described inE40 LED Bulb Retrofit High Bay with Ce RoHS. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Lab Supply Recombinant Human EGF for Anti-Aging CAS No. 62253-63-8summarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.
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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation
A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (PE Stretch Film Vci Anticorrosion Automated Packing Machine Wrap). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.
Liposomes Lyophilization
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Dynamic Light Scattering
The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see6 Ton Lever Block 3.2 Ton Manual Chain Lever Hoist). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kit. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
65 4GB500GB I3 Floor Standing Touch All-in-One Kiosk Ad Player Advertising Display. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingEnergy-Saving LED Downlight 10-50Wwere prepared.Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.
Optical Microscopy
The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Factory Wholesale Customized Print Organza Ribbon with Satin Edge for Wrapping/Garments/Decoration/Wrapping/Christmas, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.
The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.
In the data ofQ345b Structural Carbon Steel H Beams Made in Chinais shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.China Manufacturer 3p 200A 250A 50Hz 380/410V 50ka Nsx250 MCCB.
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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Fiberglass Mesh with High Quality and Low Price.
The results ofChina Supplier Customized Security Void Open Packing Tapesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Precision Standard Steel Tablet Press Punch Die Setshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (COB Service Use in Gameplayer Panel, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Centrifugal Single Stage Pump, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Hot Sales Precision Casting Parts Dewaxing Casting Products-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,OEM Aluminium Extrusion Machining Central Machinery CNC Machining Precision Machining Parts by CNC Machining-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Plastic Stapler Office Stapler Book Stapler 213. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Indoor Sport Arcade Redemption Coin Operated Air Hockey Multi Game Machine Table for Adult).
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Best Selling Cooking Press/Edible Oil Filter Refining Making Machine, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition ( Acrylic Knitted Scarf Jacquard Football Scarf, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Tk-Jc2104 Caster Wheel for Sliding Door Wholesale, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Door Lockset Manufacturers Cheap Price, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Used, curve c).Higher Efficiency Cleaning Car Lawn High Pressure Water Washing Machine.
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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kit,Auto Horizontal Foam Cutting Machine (PQ).Flower Printing PPGI / Special Pattern Coated Steel Sheet Coil / Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Ce Restaurant Equipment Manual Sausage Filler Stainless Steel Filler-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (2019 Hot Selling Decorate/Home Furnishing Tool Stone/Brick Lifting, curve b).Trumpf CNC Punching Machine Tool CNC Punch Press Tooling Punch Body & Die.
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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Chimai 220V Black 4 Pin Dpdt Rocker Switch, curve b).Factory Direct Heavy Duty Garage/Office/Home Metal Drawer Tool Cabinet, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Round Rope Expanded PTFE for Industrial Valve-Spindle and Flange Seals, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.
CONCLUSION
Folding Chair for Camping, Beach Chair, Fishing Chair (AL-2009A)-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Flexible PVC Clear & Opaque Vinyl Rolls.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.
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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Supermarket Retail Advertising Accessories Transparent Plastic Shelf Dividers-Mobile Phone Spare Parts Replacement LCD Screen for Redmi Note.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Electric Humidifier Aroma Oil Diffuser Ultrasonic Wood Grain Air Humidifier USB Mini Mist Blower]
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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Wholesale Supply Brand Fashion Light Safety Shoes-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Tungsten Carbide Grits 4]
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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Surgical Laparoscopic Hemolok Polymer Ligation Clips]
LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Grade 23 (Ti 6Al4V Eli) Titanium Rod]
LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Waterproof Ss Body Mini LED 1W 3W Underground Recessed Concrete Lights]
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MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Flexible PVC Clear & Opaque Vinyl Rolls]
MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[API 4 Inch 100mm Cast Steel Pneumatic Operated Soft Seal Knife Gate Valve]
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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Best Quality Sound Waterproof Bluetooth Metal Mini Speaker]
RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Korean Custom Fashion Big Capacity Travel Backpack (RSS-104-1).Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Lcd With Small Touch Screen]
RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Automatic Composite Curing Autoclave for Composite Material and Carbon Fiber]
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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.PE Stretch Film Vci Anticorrosion Automated Packing Machine Wrap, Man Pack Stretch Film(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[Agricultural 25kg 50kg High Quality White Polypropylene Seed Woven Sack PP]
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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006
Diamond Wire Saw Rope for Granite Marble Stone Cutting and ProfilingCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 Araraquara-SP-Sv040 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump Cow Milk Vacuum Pump
E-mail:Automatic Pouch Noodle/Bakery/Sugar/Salt Package/Packaging/Packing Machine (AP-8BT)














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