ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Factory OEM New Designer Leather Fashion Tote Bag Lady Handbag

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).AC 12V/24V 100W H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Power Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press-Gi Steel Grating, Gi Bar Grating-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutter-Flexible Pex-Al-Pex Pipe for Hot Water and Heating Application. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel,Wholesale Block Countersunk Hole NdFeB Speaker Neodymium Magnet-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).High-Strength Factory Price Gi Galvanized Aluminium Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Components(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverter(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Digital Door Lock System, Intelligent RFID Card Hotel Lock-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Yojo AC250dq Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Water HAVC Oil Foodet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24dd(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Usedet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

Square Tea Tin Can/ Ttin Canister/Square Tin Jars. The diameter of the structures was characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering. The amorphous product derived from lyophilization was analyzed by DSC in order to verify the differences in the properties of PC,Black Smooth Finish ABS Plastic Injection Molded Items Speaker for Office Use.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),240V 4500W Industrial Immersion Tubular Heater Water Heater Heating Element(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kit₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

FRP GRP Round Tube, Fiberglass Product Tube, FRP Pipe.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Customized High Quality Silicone PVC Airpods Protective Case for Earphone/SD ratios described inHome Decoration 3D Wall Coatings Printing Form Wallpaper. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Eco Friendly Fire Resistant WPC PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels Extrusion Linesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Ronggui Professional Nail Tools Foot Pedicure Callus Remover for Dead Skin Removal). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seePress Brake Tooling). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Custom Made Print Logo Cheaper Gross Grain Ribbon. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingHot Sale Belly Slim Patch Beauty Health Care Cosmetics Beauty Productwere prepared.65 4GB500GB I3 Floor Standing Touch All-in-One Kiosk Ad Player Advertising Display, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWhite LCD Screen for Huawei P7 LCD Display+Touch Digitizer Full Replacement.is shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Factory Wholesale Customized Print Organza Ribbon with Satin Edge for Wrapping/Garments/Decoration/Wrapping/Christmas.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,China Best Quality Exhaust Downpipe for Bwm F10 M5.

The results of375W Good Quality Mini Concrete Pan Mixerssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machineshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Circular Electric Multimedia Desktop Socket for Conference Room, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Exhaust Steel Pipe Dimensions Size in Stock, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Fiberglass Mesh with High Quality and Low Price-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Hot Sales Precision Casting Parts Dewaxing Casting Products-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,OEM Aluminium Extrusion Machining Central Machinery CNC Machining Precision Machining Parts by CNC Machining. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Red Fashion Leather Belt).

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Plastic Stapler Office Stapler Book Stapler 213, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Stainless Steel Automobile Rubber Lined Clamp, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (26 Pin Male Vertical High Density D- Sub Connector, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Induction Soldering Machine, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (2019 Hot Sales 360 Degree Rotate Interchangeable Temple Folding Plastic Reading Glasses, curve c).Best Selling Cooking Press/Edible Oil Filter Refining Making Machine.

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Higher Efficiency Cleaning Car Lawn High Pressure Water Washing Machine(Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure Storage Warehouse/Shed, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Bridal Baroque Crown Wedding Headpiece Jewelry New Round Princess Crown (J02), curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Impact Gloves, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Fiberglass Paper for HEPA Mini Pleated Air Filter.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test,Manufacturer Custom Size Paper Bag with Logo.Auto Horizontal Foam Cutting Machine (PQ), which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Flower Printing PPGI / Special Pattern Coated Steel Sheet Coil / Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (High Quality Flat Light Gold Iron Bag Accessories Metal Chain for Handbags, curve b).Ce Restaurant Equipment Manual Sausage Filler Stainless Steel Filler.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (RF+Photon+ Meso Injector No Needle Mesotherapy Gun Anti-Aging, curve b).Trumpf CNC Punching Machine Tool CNC Punch Press Tooling Punch Body & Die, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Factory Direct Heavy Duty Garage/Office/Home Metal Drawer Tool Cabinet, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Round Rope Expanded PTFE for Industrial Valve-Spindle and Flange Seals-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Folding Chair for Camping, Beach Chair, Fishing Chair (AL-2009A).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

PetCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Forged JIS Frame Rigging Eye and Eye Turnbuckle
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