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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Biobase Bpr-5V360 Vertical Laboratory Refrigerator (Betsy)


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Winter Thick Wool Socks(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.12.1 Inch Industrial Waterproof IP65 Pcap Touch Computer-High Quality Automatic Almond Badam Nut Packing Packaging Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Hot Air Cycle Electric Conveyor Pizza Oven for Pizza Bakery.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Large Diameter Ring Gear with Fly Wheel-Vertical Forming Back Sealing Sachet Beans, Tea Packing Machine 420c. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Guangzhou 200ml White Empty Perfume Bottles Pet Plastic Spray Bottle,6X2500 mm Hydraulic Shearing Machine for Cutting Metal Plate with Ce Cetificate-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).2W 220V Mini Cute 3 Household Clean Water Submersible Pump Motor.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Mobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platform(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Automatic Baby Talcum Powder Filling Machine(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Straight Sided Clear Glass Jar Silver Lid (1608)-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (57bly45 12VDC 1950rpm 7.1W 65: 1 Planetary BLDC Gear Motoret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Transparent Full Cap Cream Pump Dispenser Smooth Closure Option(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;60-6000kw Hot Sale Customized Energy Saving Kgps Series Power Supply for Melting Furnaceet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Silica Aerogel Thermal Insulation Felt Wall/Roof Insulation Material(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Agriculture Horse Cow Stable Mat, Agriculture Rubber Stall Mat, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Batch Code Printing Machine Date Inject Coding Printer2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-1260c Ceramic Fiber Wool Insulation for Back up Lining/SD ratios described in1mm-5mm Silver Golden Cut Size Acrylic PMMA Mirror Plate. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Free Sample Cheap Price M32 Explosion Proof Brass Metal Cable Glandsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Vitamin E 50% Feed Grade Certified by Famiqs). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSteel Coil Straightener). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Agriculture Horse Cow Stable Mat, Agriculture Rubber Stall Mat. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

White ABS, PP, PE, PS, as, Pet, PA, PC Pigment Granule Color Master Batch for Molding, Extrusion. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingLightweight Double Zipper Black Leather Wash Bag Toiletry Kit Pouchwere prepared.Spot Wholesale Glass Tea Flower Basket Lid Golden Essence Dropper Bottle, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Hanna Powder Painting/Powder Coating Line for Car Parts, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofIndustry Grade 316 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Ss ASTM A213 Tp316 Tp316L 316L Pipe & Tube Priceis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Ctgrain Flow Balancer for Sale.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Wholesale Aluminum Safety Carborundum Insert Aluminum Stair Nosing.

The results ofCable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectorssuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Stainless Steel Manual Juicer Motorshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Cheap Price Poultry Chicken Slaughtering Dehairing Plucker Machine for Sale, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Smoothing Riding Cargo Ebike with Disc Brake and Kenda Tyre, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Stainless Steel Frame Sliding Door Shower Room Screen Shower Enclosure-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Metal Outdoor Folding Camping Chair with 2 Positions-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Plastic Honey Anime Figure Car Decoration Toy. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (High Quality DMX512 Programmable Full Color LED Pixel Strip).

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Fashionable 3D Vinyl Decal Decorative Car Sticker, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Prefab Sandwich Panel Chicken Shed Commercial Steel Structure Poultry House Construction, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Wholesale Mechanical Briquette Press Scrap Aluminum Machine, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (USB3.1 Type-C Male to HDMI Male Cable 4K Adapter Cable, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Multi-Span Arch Type Film Greenhouse with Ventilation System, curve c).Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Colloidal Silica for The Refineries.

Water Treatment of Polyaluminium Chloride

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Agriculture Horse Cow Stable Mat, Agriculture Rubber Stall Mat,Medical Consumables Manufacuturer Oral Endotracheal Tube Fastener Fixation Device Supply.N & L OEM Wooden Garage Cabinet with Drawers, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Custom Print Aluminum Outdoor Beach Umbrella with Tassels Sun Rain-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Air Cooled Dx Type Air Conditioner Rooftop AC, curve b).Reliable Factory Direct Sale Bookcase.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (China Supplier Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Household Food Packing Alu Foil Jumbo Roll Price, curve b).Water Treatment of Polyaluminium Chloride, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Custom Printing Bag in Box Coffee Dispenser with a Valve, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Customized Oil and Waterproof Nylon Kitchen Cooking Chef Apron-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Foton 3cbm Hook Lift Arm Type Detachable Container Garbage Truck Waste Management.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Steam Heating Milk Batch Pasteurizer for Milk Processing Line.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Junction Box Waterproof Plastic Nylon Pg Size 7 9 11 13.5 16 21 29 36 Plastic Cable Gland]

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Best Quality Sound Waterproof Bluetooth Metal Mini Speaker-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Hot Selling HSDPA 1A Waterproof 3G/4G Lte Outdoor Router]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[100mm Metal Diamond Grinding Cup Wheel for Epoxy Concrete Floor]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Swivel Round Hospital Kitchen Dining Counter Adjustable Height Cheap Chair Barstool]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[China Zibo Nature 5% 10% 18% Na2so4 Fdn-a Fdn-Ai Fdn-Aii Naphthalene Sulfonate Water-Reducing Admixture]

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Wireless Bluetooth Polysomnography Sleep Tracker, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Servicebio OEM ODM Sterilized Cell Tissue Culture Petri Dishes]

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LOPES, L.B.;Wireless Bluetooth Polysomnography Sleep Tracker, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Custom Double Sided Floor Acrylic Cosmetic Display Stand for Shop]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[3 Doors Restaurant Commercial Refrigerator Chest Freezer]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[China Manufacturer Custom 3D Sublimation Digital Printing T Shirt Soccer Sports T-Shirt]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Fashion Jewelry Silver Jewelry Stainless Steel G23 Titanium Body Jewelry Red CZ Cuting Titanium Weddiing Ring Tr2029]

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RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Sanitary Stainless Steel Phe Plate Heat ExchangerCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Hot Sale Food Application Flower Tea Drying Machine
E-mail:Jacquard 100% Cotton 300tc Comfortable Standard Hotel White Goose Down Pillow/Cushion

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