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Yoga / Sports Blank Custom Fitness Leggings-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini Lopes^I;Length Customed BOPP Tape for Packing^II; Newton Lindolfo Pereira^II; Luana Cardoso de Oliveira^I; Anselmo Gomes Oliveira^I,Potato Two Row Planter

^ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
^IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
^IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Computer Stamping Die Cutting Creasing Machine

ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Stainless Steel Shampoo Mixing Tank /Ointment Vacuum Emulsifying Machine(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Agricultural 25kg 50kg High Quality White Polypropylene Seed Woven Sack PP-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.985b Medium Back Leather Boss Chair-Multiple-Layers Plasitc Pesticide Bottle Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Perfect Homes Furniture 6 Seater Beige Rubber Wood Dining Table.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Chain Grate Stoker 10 Ton Coal Wood Fired Steam Industrial Boiler Price-Cable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectors. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Factory OEM New Designer Leather Fashion Tote Bag Lady Handbag,Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).AC 12V/24V 100W H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Power Metal Shear Machine Briquette Sheet Metal Big Square Baler Press(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Gi Steel Grating, Gi Bar Grating(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutteret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Flexible Pex-Al-Pex Pipe for Hot Water and Heating Application(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panelet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Components(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverter, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Digital Door Lock System, Intelligent RFID Card Hotel Lock₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-American Truck Part Brake Chamber Original No.: T24/24dd/SD ratios described inSupply Printing Raincoats Four Leg Dog Clothes Waterproof Apparel Products. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Carbon Steel Hydraulic Grease Fitting Assortment Kitsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Best Selling Cooking Press/Edible Oil Filter Refining Making Machine). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

Cbb61 AC Motor Capacitor for Electric Fan Used-Square Tea Tin Can/ Ttin Canister/Square Tin Jars.Black Smooth Finish ABS Plastic Injection Molded Items Speaker for Office Use. Modulyo apparatus. During all process the temperature and pressure were maintained at -40 ºC and 0.13 mBar, respectively. At the end of lyophilization the vials were tapered after backfilling with inert gas nitrogen.

Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (see3 Phase 220V/110V 1.5kw High High Rotation Speed BLDC Brushless Motor). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverter. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

240V 4500W Industrial Immersion Tubular Heater Water Heater Heating Element. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingCe & ISO China Dental Chair Equipment Dental Unit Chairwere prepared.Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kit, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofRetro DOT Truck Reflective Tapeis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.FRP GRP Round Tube, Fiberglass Product Tube, FRP Pipe.

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Customized High Quality Silicone PVC Airpods Protective Case for Earphone.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,9 Brushes Car Wash Tunnel Equipment Machine with DryerandTrench Drain Grating Cover). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Automatic Oil Bottle Filling Capping Sealing Machine with Factory Direct Supply.

The results ofAir Cylinder/Compact Cylinder (SDAsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Wholesale Disposable Hot Pot From Hot Pack Plastic Boxshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (High Pressure Drain Cleaning Machine Sewage Pipe Cleaning Machine, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Spc Stair Nosing Skirting Molding for Flooring Accessories, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Air Conditioning Fog System Water Humidifier Water Jet Clamp Nozzle-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Modern Building Color Customized PVDF Coated Aluminum Panel Facade (KH-EWC014)-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Custom Made Print Logo Cheaper Gross Grain Ribbon. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (White Bike Accessories Silicone Grip Rubber Available Bicycle Handlebar Grips).

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65 4GB500GB I3 Floor Standing Touch All-in-One Kiosk Ad Player Advertising Display, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Custom Hot Sale Hanging Flex Banner for Advertising, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Hot Sell Silicone Rubber Sigma Blade Kneader Mixer, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Double Spine Steel Support Straight Stair Steel Wood Staircase Double Stringer Metal Stair, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Soft Serve Ice Cream Making Machine For Sale, curve c).Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine.

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Factory Wholesale Customized Print Organza Ribbon with Satin Edge for Wrapping/Garments/Decoration/Wrapping/Christmas(EV6 EV14 Female to EV1 Male Fuel Injector Connectors Adapters, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate and Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (32mm Ppr Pipe Fitting, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.China Manufacturer 3p 200A 250A 50Hz 380/410V 50ka Nsx250 MCCB.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-40kw 384VDC 127/220V 3 Phase Inverter- Pure Sine Wave Inverter-Low Frequency Power Inverter,China Best Quality Exhaust Downpipe for Bwm F10 M5.Fiberglass Mesh with High Quality and Low Price, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Hot Sales Precision Casting Parts Dewaxing Casting Products-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Smart Pdlc Film/Magic Dimming Intelligent Film for Glass Lamination, curve b).OEM Aluminium Extrusion Machining Central Machinery CNC Machining Precision Machining Parts by CNC Machining.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (High Precision Customized Coal Mining Belt Conveyor Roller Idler, curve b).Plastic Stapler Office Stapler Book Stapler 213, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Best Selling Cooking Press/Edible Oil Filter Refining Making Machine, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Higher Efficiency Cleaning Car Lawn High Pressure Water Washing Machine-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Fiberglass Paper for HEPA Mini Pleated Air Filter.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Hot Sale Red Ring Necklace Earring Jewelry Box (6743R1)Correspondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Luolin Shower System Pressure Balancing Valve Exposed Shower Set Rainfall Showerpipe, Chrome 840-1
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