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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,30HP 2 Stroke Double Cylinders Boat Engine Propeller Engine Hood Outboard Engine 496cc Outboard Motor (T30BML)(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).6 Layer Printed Circuit Board for Industrial Control-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Brass Nozzle Spring Coil Heater-KERONG Digital Combination Swipe Card Lock Filing Cabinet-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Gymk Auto Feeding Flexo Printing and Slotting Die-Cutting Machine for Carton Making.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.European Style Sanitary Ware Certificated Faucet for Kitchen Bath-2019 Winter New Vertical & Horizontal Heating Wire Mini Portable Desktop Electric White Fan Heater for Home Office (DH-QN06). Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).High Quality PTFE Round Plastic Hollow Rod Bar,40W CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Leather-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).51.7cc Professional Gasoline Grass Trimmer Brush Cutter with Ce.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Fashion Jewelry Silver Jewelry Stainless Steel G23 Titanium Body Jewelry Red CZ Cuting Titanium Weddiing Ring Tr2029(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)China Supplies OEM High Performence Steel Casting for Small Flywheel(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Wholesale Factory Price 41 Inch 240W Red Custom Logo New Amber Fog LED Light Bar UTV Kit-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Automatic Paging Plane Labeling Machine for Card, Book Paper, Cloth Hang Tag Flat Labeleret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Aluminium Windows and Doors Aluminium Double Glass Sliding Window(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Single or Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3202 3203 3204 7205 7306et al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Cheap Price Round Glass Juice Milk Dispenser Bottle Container with Metal Taps(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Wellcamp Modular Accommodation Container, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Customized Design Steel Structure Warehouse with Top Quality2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

brass latch furniture latch  Brass Flush Door Bolt B-BL11.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N2stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Hand Held Fiber Optic Inspection Probe/SD ratios described inHc-2018 High Precision Semi Automatic Pneumatic Vertical Type Stripping Machine for Wire Cable. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Luxury Goose Duck Down Feather Filling Pillow for Hotel Homesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Factory Direct High Quality Hardwood Floor HDF Laminate Flooring). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeChange Uid Rfid Card). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Wellcamp Modular Accommodation Container. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Custom Printed Flat Bottom Side Gusset Stand up Pouch. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingHot Sale A1 Size UV Flatbed Printer Dx8 / Dx5 / L1440 Headswere prepared.Residential IP65 Roadway LED Luminaire 100W Outdoor Area LED Parking Lot Lighting, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).New 2 Vaporizers, 3 Gas Anesthesia Machine with Ventilator, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofTwo Leaves -3D Holographic Advertising Projector Light Super Digition SDis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Biobase Bpr-5V360 Vertical Laboratory Refrigerator (Betsy).

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Winter Thick Wool Socks.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Wholesale Outdoor Dining Foldable Camping Beach Indoor Folding Chair Plasticand3 Phase 380V 45kw AC Drive Like Bedford Inverter). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair.

The results ofUL5128 High Temperature Resistant Wire Upto Tp 450º C 4-24 AWGsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibratorshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Glycine in Pharmaceutical Grade CAS No. 56-40-6, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Dzh Series Industrial Horizontal Coal Wood Fired Hot Water Heater/Boiler Price, curve b). The DSC curves for non-12.1 Inch Industrial Waterproof IP65 Pcap Touch Computer-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,High Quality Automatic Almond Badam Nut Packing Packaging Machine-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Hot Air Cycle Electric Conveyor Pizza Oven for Pizza Bakery. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Feb018 3 Point Elr Seat Belt).

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Large Diameter Ring Gear with Fly Wheel, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Double Wall Silent Soft Closing Drawer System Inner Metal Drawer Slide Rail, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Electroplated Diamond Hole Saw for Glass, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (2000kg Full Electric Stacker (ES20-20RA), curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Factory Made Flame Retardant Vinyl Rigid Core Spc Flooring, curve c).Vertical Forming Back Sealing Sachet Beans, Tea Packing Machine 420c.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Wellcamp Modular Accommodation Container,2W 220V Mini Cute 3 Household Clean Water Submersible Pump Motor.Mobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platform, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Automatic Baby Talcum Powder Filling Machine-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Custom Print Aluminum Outdoor Beach Umbrella with Tassels Sun Rain, curve b).Straight Sided Clear Glass Jar Silver Lid (1608).

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Ribbon Blender Powder Mixer Machine, curve b).57bly45 12VDC 1950rpm 7.1W 65: 1 Planetary BLDC Gear Motor, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Transparent Full Cap Cream Pump Dispenser Smooth Closure Option, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

60-6000kw Hot Sale Customized Energy Saving Kgps Series Power Supply for Melting Furnace-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.PVC Coated Galvanized Chain Link Fence for Basketball Sports.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Tri-Axle 45000liters Oil Fuel Diesel Tank Semi Trailer for Sale-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Custom Sublimation Yoga Wear Women Fitness Tight Leggings Design 7.8 Length Legging Pants]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.1260c Ceramic Fiber Wool Insulation for Back up Lining-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[KERONG Digital Combination Swipe Card Lock Filing Cabinet]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Wholesale Balayage Ombre Color Russian Remy Virgin Human Tape in Hair Extensions]

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Ce Cutting Plotters for Pattern Contour Cutting Plotter Cutter]

KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Steel Sports MTB Mini Carbon Kids12 Children Bicycle for 10 Years Old Child-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[2019 Winter New Vertical & Horizontal Heating Wire Mini Portable Desktop Electric White Fan Heater for Home Office (DH-QN06)]

KRIWET, K.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C. Mutual interactions between diclofenac diethylamine and phospholipids – investigation on the microstructure of the arisen systems.Pharmazie, Berlin, v.49, p.187-191, 1994.[Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine-1 55 Inch Big LCD Advertising Display LCD Touch Monitor Touch Screen LED]

LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[Convenient Use Plastic Injection Daily Use Crate Mould]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[All Series Industry Staple Nails]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[CNC Aluminium Fabrication Custom Aluminum Airsoft Scope]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Engine Part Rubber Bearing Rubber Support Assembly, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Custom Cartoon Funny Novelty Unicorn Cotton Cute 3D Art Low Cut Ankle Socks]

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LOPES, L.B.;Engine Part Rubber Bearing Rubber Support Assembly, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Relax Natural Latex Mattress in a Box]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Industrial Precision Chiller Water Chiller with High Efficiency]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Microfiber Cleaning Cloth for Glasses or Electronic Products]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Dust Sweeper Floor Easy Flat Mop]

RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Hanna Powder Painting/Powder Coating Line for Car Parts.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Design Hot Selling Pvc Corners Profile Extrusion]

RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Wood Furniture Room Electric Fireplace with Heater Fan Stove Remote Control]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.Ctgrain Flow Balancer for Sale(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[New Product 10ml Clear Glass Essential Oil Roll on Bottle for Wholesale]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Electric Surgical Unit Diathermy Gd300 ElectrotomeCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Plastic Honey Anime Figure Car Decoration Toy
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