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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

51.7cc Professional Gasoline Grass Trimmer Brush Cutter with Ce-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Wholesale Factory Price 41 Inch 240W Red Custom Logo New Amber Fog LED Light Bar UTV Kit(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Automatic Paging Plane Labeling Machine for Card, Book Paper, Cloth Hang Tag Flat Labeler-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Aluminium Windows and Doors Aluminium Double Glass Sliding Window-Single or Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3202 3203 3204 7205 7306-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Gravel Driveway/Consturction/Terram 50mm Hight Geocell.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Portable Sun Shade Beach Tent, Camping Sun Shelter Canopy Tent-Cheap Price Round Glass Juice Milk Dispenser Bottle Container with Metal Taps. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Wellcamp Modular Accommodation Container,Customized Design Steel Structure Warehouse with Top Quality-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).brass latch furniture latch  Brass Flush Door Bolt B-BL11.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Hand Held Fiber Optic Inspection Probe(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for HDPE PVC Pipe Tube(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Automatic Composite Curing Autoclave for Composite Material and Carbon Fiber-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Stainless Steel Automobile Rubber Lined Clampet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Custom Printed Flat Bottom Side Gusset Stand up Pouch(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;Residential IP65 Roadway LED Luminaire 100W Outdoor Area LED Parking Lot Lightinget al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Winter Thick Wool Socks(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.12.1 Inch Industrial Waterproof IP65 Pcap Touch Computer2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Hot Air Cycle Electric Conveyor Pizza Oven for Pizza Bakery/SD ratios described in18V Electric Angle Grinder Power Tool Electric Tool Electric Grinder. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Commercial Mini Glass Door Upright Showcasesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (0.14-2.5mm Thickness Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seePcap Touch Screen). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

6X2500 mm Hydraulic Shearing Machine for Cutting Metal Plate with Ce Cetificate. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingMerry Christmas Digital Printed Cushion Pillow Covers Happy New Year Xmas Cushion Pillow Cover Decorative Polyester Cotton Pillow Case Joyxmas002were prepared.2W 220V Mini Cute 3 Household Clean Water Submersible Pump Motor, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Mobile Hydraulic Personal Driven Self Propelled Lift Platform, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofAdhesion Microscope Glass Slides Paraffin Sectionis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Automatic Baby Talcum Powder Filling Machine.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,57bly45 12VDC 1950rpm 7.1W 65: 1 Planetary BLDC Gear Motor.

The results ofExterior Facade Invisible Frame Reflective Blue Glass Curtain Wall Pricesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Ozone Generator for Cleaning Vegetables and Friutsshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (High Adhesive Power BOPP Water Based Glue Box Tape, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Percision Steel Pipe, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Transparent Full Cap Cream Pump Dispenser Smooth Closure Option-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,60-6000kw Hot Sale Customized Energy Saving Kgps Series Power Supply for Melting Furnace-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,PVC Coated Galvanized Chain Link Fence for Basketball Sports. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Automatic Ice Cream Cone Production Line Machine (CB-61)).

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-4X4 Curly Closure Lace Closure Human Hair,Tri-Axle 45000liters Oil Fuel Diesel Tank Semi Trailer for Sale.1260c Ceramic Fiber Wool Insulation for Back up Lining, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Terrazzo Floor Polishing Machine Surface Ground Polishing Equipment-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Electrophoresis Line for Powder Coating Line, curve b).Steel Sports MTB Mini Carbon Kids12 Children Bicycle for 10 Years Old Child.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (High Power Single Burner Electric Induction Cookware Set, curve b).Engine Part Rubber Bearing Rubber Support Assembly, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-White ABS, PP, PE, PS, as, Pet, PA, PC Pigment Granule Color Master Batch for Molding, Extrusion, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Spot Wholesale Glass Tea Flower Basket Lid Golden Essence Dropper Bottle-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Hanna Powder Painting/Powder Coating Line for Car Parts.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Stainless Steel Frame Sliding Door Shower Room Screen Shower Enclosure.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[New Steel Folding Manual Wheelchair Can Interchange 24 Rear Wheel]

CASTELLI, F.; LIBRANDO, V.; SARPIETRO, M.G. A calorimetric evidence of the interaction and transport of environmentally carcinogenic compounds through biomembranes.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.373, p.133-140, 2001.[Metal Outdoor Folding Camping Chair with 2 Positions]

CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.Metal Outdoor Folding Camping Chair with 2 Positions-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Steam Heating Milk Batch Pasteurizer for Milk Processing Line]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.Plastic Honey Anime Figure Car Decoration Toy-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[5.08mm Pitch 4 Pin Plastic Connector Wire Assembly]

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KIGHT, C.G.Liposomes:from physical structure to therapeutic applications. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1981. p.105-38.[Vacuum Formed Blister Packaging Different Count Plastic Fruit Cavity Tray for Apple Peach]

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KOENIGNAUER, M.J.; BROOKS, S.H.; RULLO, G. COUCH, R.A. Solid-State stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.Pharm. Res.,Arlington, v.7, p. 939-944, 1992.[Densen Customized Nodular Cast Iron Sand Casting and Machining Parts]

KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Colloidal Silica for The Refineries-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[White Biodegradable Packaging Bagasse Paper Takeaway Food Container Box]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; ROMERO, J.J.; VANOUS, A.L.; ILLICH, P.A.; DIAL E.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and phospholipid prodrugs: combination therapy with antisecretory agents in rats.Gastroenterology,New York, v.111, p.990-995, 1996a.[Diamond Glass Mason Jar]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[3 Axle Factory Outlet Car Carrier Semi Trailers for Sale]

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SARBOLOUKI, M.N.; TOLIAT, T.Custom Print Aluminum Outdoor Beach Umbrella with Tassels Sun Rain(aqueous & lyophilized).PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol.,Bethesda, v.52, p.23-27, 1998.[OEM Fragrance Skin Moisturizing and Whitening Nourishing Body Lotion for Whole Body]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

1080P Ahd Security Mini Truck Camera with AudioCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Foton 3cbm Hook Lift Arm Type Detachable Container Garbage Truck Waste Management
E-mail:Price Sandwich Factory Aluminium Composite Panel/Sheets

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