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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Sg6.2g/cm3 Ceria Zirconium Grinding Beads 2.4-2.6mm(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Flexible Keyboard PCB Inverter Welding PCB Board PCB Components-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Cheap Price Poultry Chicken Slaughtering Dehairing Plucker Machine for Sale-Prefabricated Steel Structure Warehouse (BYSS-121)-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-High Quality Billiard Pool Table.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Prefab Sandwich Panel Chicken Shed Commercial Steel Structure Poultry House Construction-Custom Services Aluminum Forging Metal Spare Parts. Differential scanning calorimetry

RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Anchuan 380V 400V 450kw Triple-Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 50Hz/60Hz for General Purpose (AC9004T450GB),High Brightness Outdoor Full Color LED Sign LED Display Board-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Plants/Warehouse Using Small Jib Crane 1000kgs.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.

INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;China HOWO A7 Tractor Trailer Head Truck for Sale(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Trichoderma Harzianum Como Promotor De Crecimiento(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Competitive Quality Aluminum Silicon Flux-Cored Rods/Rings/Wires-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (A4 T Shirt Transfer Paper for Light Coloret al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/PPM-T314A Pressure Transmitter 4-20mA for Internal Combustion Engine from China(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;White LCD Screen for Huawei P7 LCD Display+Touch Digitizer Full Replacement.et al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200^®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Butane Solvent Extraction Machine System for Hemp Oil Cbd / Hemp Bho Mini Passive Closed(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Portable Android PDA with Fingerprint Reader 1d/2D Honeywell Bar-Code Scanner₂stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

Precision Customized Hexagonal Nut.6 mM (40 mg/mL) was prepared in ethanol. 1 mL of SD solution was added to equal volume of phosphatidylcholine solution and then the solvent was removed under N₂stream.

The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-6061-T6 Aluminium Profile System Extrusion Profiles with Powder Coating/SD ratios described inModern Customized MFC Melamine Board Hotel Bedroom Furniture. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Jarliet High Quality Real Cheap Silicone Sex Love Doll for Man Vagina Sexsummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Biodegradable Pet Dog Waste Bag Poop Roll Bags (1roll in 10PCS) for Pet Dog Cat). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N₂stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeEDTA Blood Collecting Tube Rutine Blood Test Tube). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Length Customed BOPP Tape for Packing. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingStrong Pressure 22000CMH Airflow Evaporative Cooler Industrialwere prepared.Computer Stamping Die Cutting Creasing Machine, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Stainless Steel Shampoo Mixing Tank /Ointment Vacuum Emulsifying Machine, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data of50/2 Combed Ring Spun Cotton Yarnis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Agricultural 25kg 50kg High Quality White Polypropylene Seed Woven Sack PP.

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985b Medium Back Leather Boss Chair.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Plain Flat Spring Lock Gasket / Washer for Industryand17-миллиметровые двигатели постоянного тока). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Multiple-Layers Plasitc Pesticide Bottle Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine.

The results of4 Post Car Lift Cl-6440/Car Lifter/Car Hoist/OEM & ODM Availablesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,7inch Heavy Duty 24V CCD Bus/Truck Rear View Camera System Kitshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Pure 99.5% Aluminum Plate Aluminum Ingot, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Chrome Sheet, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Perfect Homes Furniture 6 Seater Beige Rubber Wood Dining Table-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Chain Grate Stoker 10 Ton Coal Wood Fired Steam Industrial Boiler Price-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Cable Entry Single Screw Terminal Block Wire Male Female Connectors. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (China High Speed PE PP Pipe Plastic Extruder Machine).

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Factory OEM New Designer Leather Fashion Tote Bag Lady Handbag, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (20 Watts Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Electric Chest Freezer Room with Compressor Freezer, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (www.tysonleather.com, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (2 Layer Electronics Smart Toilet Seat Bidet PCBA Board, curve c).Freezer Room Sliding Door with Heat Wire.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose,Gi Steel Grating, Gi Bar Grating.Machinery Agents Wanted High Power Speed 1500 W CO2 Laser Source for Die Board Laser Cutting Machine, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,2X6m High Definition CNC Plasma Steel Plate and Pipe Cutter-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Mic Cheap Summer Wholesale Slippers PE Flip Flop Slipper Men, curve b).Flexible Pex-Al-Pex Pipe for Hot Water and Heating Application.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (240V 4500W Industrial Immersion Tubular Heater Water Heater Heating Element, curve b).Square PS Diffuser Sheet/600*600mm Diffuser Plastic Sheet for Light Panel, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Wholesale Block Countersunk Hole NdFeB Speaker Neodymium Magnet, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

High-Strength Factory Price Gi Galvanized Aluminium Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Components.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

REFERENCES

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[Hot Sale High Quality Aluminum Speaker Box]

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.240V 4500W Industrial Immersion Tubular Heater Water Heater Heating Element-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Fashionable Design High Tech Flat Panel Solar Collector]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[OEM Supply Yg6X ISO Standard Reversible Knife for Wood]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[ NSF-Pw & Upc]

LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Black Adjustable Fastener Hook & Loop Cable Tie]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Rsm-DCT (D) Core Hole Borehole TV Test, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.Customized High Quality Silicone PVC Airpods Protective Case for Earphone.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Cage Chicken Equipment]

RODANTE, F.; VECHIO, S.; TOMASSETTI, M. Multi-step decomposition processes for some antibiotics: a kinetic study.Thermochim. Acta, Amsterdam, v.394, p.7-18, 2002.[Hinged Type Slot Bar Air Diffuser for Ventilation Use]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Xj5335 Industrial Digital X-ray Luggage Checking Baggage Detector MachineCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Professional Elight IPL+RF Pigmentation Removal Hair Removal Beauty Machine
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