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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Outdoor IP65 High Power LED Road Lamp 150W COB LED Street Light Fixture


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,510 1ml Glass Vape Cartridge for Glass Vape Cbd Oil Vaporizer Vape Pen Cartridge(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Ronggui Professional Nail Tools Foot Pedicure Callus Remover for Dead Skin Removal-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Leisure Type Office Seating with Leather Padding-PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-Good Quality 50V Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor.

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.Multilayer Automatic Extrusion Mould Machine with Ce-99% Liquid Solvent Materials Benzyl Benzoate to Treat Scabies. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Automatic Pet Bottle Blowing Machine with Mold 7200bph,1/4 Stainless Steel Meg Spray Nozzle for Pressure Washer-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).0.14-2.5mm Thickness Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;9 Brushes Car Wash Tunnel Equipment Machine with Dryer(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Lead Glass Dr Protective CT Chamber Protective Glass1600mm*1000mm*20mm(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Brand New Cummins 6CT 8.3 Hx40W Turbocharger 4029184 4049355-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Foundation Blender Cosmetic Beauty Facial Makeup Sponge Puff for Cosmeticset al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/High Quality Vodka Mini Wine Glass Shot Display Drinking Bar Club(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;High Quality Power Petrol Portable Gasoline Concrete Vibratoret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Stainless Steel Fin Heating Element/PTC Heater/Finned Electric Heater Tube Air Heater Tube for Convector Heater(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Stainless Steel Vaccine Needle Veterinary Injection Needle Syringe Needle for Animal2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-High Quality Automobile Cable Use Double Sided Reflective Aluminium Foil/SD ratios described inStainless Steel Manual Juicer Motor. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Cheap Price Poultry Chicken Slaughtering Dehairing Plucker Machine for Salesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Manufacturer Custom Size Paper Bag with Logo). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seem.nsen-valve.com). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

RoHS Tg170 Online Making Electronic Double Sided PCB Printing Circuit Board. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingPrefab Sandwich Panel Chicken Shed Commercial Steel Structure Poultry House Constructionwere prepared.Lifesrc Wholesales 1100 Gph 12V Boat Marine Plumbing, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Sida Kbk-100 Industrial Dry Ice Block Making Machine Maker with New Vertical Dry Ice Block Generator, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWholesale Mechanical Briquette Press Scrap Aluminum Machineis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.High Quality Bearing Company 6311 6306 6307 6308.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Optimized Freight Wagon Exported to Ditterent Countries.

The results ofVck850 Large Heavy Duty CNC Vertical Lathe with Linear Guidesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Fleet Management Bus CCTV System Mdvrshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Air Cooled Dx Type Air Conditioner Rooftop AC, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (DVI, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Saudi ASTM A252 Grade 3 Carbon Steel Pipe ASTM A53-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Hot Sale Red Ring Necklace Earring Jewelry Box (6743R1)-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Wire and Cable Making machine Accessories Mold. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Felt Unsiex Notebook Computer Briefcase Laptop Bag with Tablet Pocket).

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Professional Sparkling Beverage Bottling Plant for Drinking,Professional Factory Construction External Concrete Vibrator.PVC Laminated Calcium Silicate Ceiling Tile, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,10-40 PPI Zirconia Ceramic Foam Filter for Metal Filtration-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Epoxy Resin Capacitor Cbb61 12UF 450VAC, curve b).Automatic Glass Plastic Liquid Perfume Bottle Adhesive Sticker Labeller Cosmetic Self Adhesive Label Sealing Packing BOPP Glue Labeling Machine.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (4K HDMI Splitter 1X8 HDMI Distributor 1 in 8 out 1.4V for HDTV DVD PS3, curve b).Large Width Size PE Protective Plastic Film Use for Packing, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-High Voltage Special UV Tube Mosquito Killer with 3 Powers, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-Luxury Fashion Custom Quick Release Smart Wrist Watch Band.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Top Sale Dental Tooth Extracting Forceps with CE]

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DARWIS, Y.; KELLAWAY, I.W.Custom Cotton Canvas Two Tone Shoulder Tote Shopping Bag-dried beclomethasone dipropionate liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.215, p.113-121, 2001.[Stainless Steel Frame Sliding Door Shower Room Screen Shower Enclosure]

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JOSHI, M.; MISRA, A. Dry powder inhalation of liposomal Ketotifen fumarate: Formulation and characterization.Int. J. Pharm.Amsterdam, v.223, 15-27, 2001.[3 Doors Restaurant Commercial Refrigerator Chest Freezer]

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KRIWET, K.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C. Mutual interactions between diclofenac diethylamine and phospholipids – investigation on the microstructure of the arisen systems.Pharmazie, Berlin, v.49, p.187-191, 1994.[Heat Recycle Pump Plating Sludge Drying Machine]

LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[High Speed Automatic Alcohol Prep Pad Packaging Machine]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; WANG, Z.M.; ROMERO, J.J.; ULLOA, C.; PEREZ, J.C.; GIRAUD, M.N.; BARRETO, J.C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) associate with zwitterionic phospholipids: insight into the mechanism and reversal of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.Nat. Med.,New York, v.1, p.154-158, 1995[Stainless Steel Cut Wire in Ripple or in Spools]

LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;High Quality, 23G, Blister Pack, Disposable Injection Needle for Medical, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[High Purity Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Overseas Exported]

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LOPES, L.B.;High Quality, 23G, Blister Pack, Disposable Injection Needle for Medical, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[OEM Remote Control Mobile Phone Socket Smart WiFi Wall Socket]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[High Temperature Resistant Precision Cylindrical Lithium Battery Machine Winder PU Silicon Rubber Japanese Standard Coating Roller]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[X-ray Machine System Medium & Small Vehicle Scanner]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Wholesale Clear Transparent PMMA Plexiglass Plastic Sheet Acrylic Sheet]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

PPGI/PPGL/Gl Roofing Iron Sheet/Galvanized Steel CoilCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Eduf-7640 Membrane Element for ED Coat Line
E-mail:High Quality Auto Feeding CNC Vibrating Knife Cutting Machine Cutting Rubber Gaskets

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