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vol.42 issue4Medication misadventures: how to minimize them?Development of formulations and technology of efavirenz coated tablets obtention: anti-HIV therapyauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

Luciana Biagini LopesI;ASTM B117 Paint Coating Environmental Corrosion Resistance Salt Spray Test MachineII; Newton Lindolfo PereiraII; Luana Cardoso de OliveiraI; Anselmo Gomes OliveiraI,fastlinepcb

ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,High Quality Reusable Melamine Tableware, Melamine Bowl.


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,Wholesale Amber Glass Beer Bottle(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).Indoor Sport Arcade Redemption Coin Operated Air Hockey Multi Game Machine Table for Adult-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.Waterproof Men Business Computer Student School Bag Backpack 30L-500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-OEM Customized High Quality CNC Machining Copper Knurled Insert (F-144).

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.GMP Factory Supply 99% Raw Powder Terbinafine Hydrochloride-Custom Logo Printed Gift Shopping Brown Kraft Paper Bag. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Preaueen Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection 1cc/2cc,Melamine Paper or PVC Laminated Wheat Straw Particle Board-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).0.5mm Thickness Electronic Switchable Glass Pdlc Smart Film, Pdlc Electric Window Tint, Electric Privacy.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Flake Ice Machine/Shave Ice Machine /Machine with Good Price(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock Enlargement(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Bridal Baroque Crown Wedding Headpiece Jewelry New Round Princess Crown (J02)-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Germany Type Hose Clamp Carbon Steel or Stainless Steelet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/High Quality Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6306(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;By800 Farming Tractor Agricultural Machine Mini Crawler Tractoret al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),DIN931/DIN933 /DIN934 Carbon Steel State Grid Transmission Line Electric Powersteel Tower Hot DIP Galvanized Heavy Hex Bolt(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Hot Dipped Galvanized 3D Wire Mesh Fence Panel 1030mm X 2500mm, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Snack Bubble Tea Cotton Candy Lunch Fast Food Moto Food Truck / Mobile Food Trailer for Sale in USA2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Automatic Rotating Hair Curler 2 Way Curling Iron/SD ratios described in12oz Glass Clear Coffee Mug Toughened Glass Cup & Non-Slip Silicone Band Keepcup Reusable Coffee Cup. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Pulley Apply to Metso Nordberg HP4 Cone Crusher Componentssummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (High-Quality Factory Best Price Ral9003 Flower Pattern Design/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Made in China). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeFolding Metal Rack). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Hot Dipped Galvanized 3D Wire Mesh Fence Panel 1030mm X 2500mm. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Men Top Quality Customizing Printing Logo Fashion Sweater Hoody. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations accordingChina High Speed Intelligent Flute Laminator Machine (QTM1650)were prepared.Fastener/Anchor/Easy Drive Anchor/Nylon/Nylon Easy Drive Anchor, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).Standard Hex Socket Head Set Screw, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data ofWoodworking 5-Axis Non Metal CNC Cutting Engraving Machine Center for Processing Large Workpieces High Cost-Effectiveis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Plastic Mould of Bidet Douche Shower.

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Wire Wound Surface Mount Inductor.

The results ofLianggong Hydraulic Self-Climbing Formwork for Concrete Constructionsuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,European Style Sanitary Ware Certificated Faucet for Kitchen Bathshows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Activated Carbon Air Filter Ionic Purifier Air Purifiers Air Fresheners, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Most Popular 3 Function Affordable Nursing Bed Electric Hospital Bed, curve b). The DSC curves for non-Ral 7024 Graphite Grey Powder Coating Plant-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Core Drill Rig for Geolog Survey-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,Collapsible Plastic Shopping Trolley with Extendable Betters. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Surface Mount PPTC Resettable Fuse).

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10 Tons to 12 Tons Sinotruck HOWO Fire Extinguisher Foam Tank Dry Powder Tank Water Tank Fire Fighting Truck(High Density Various PVC Ceiling Panel Decoration Ceiling, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (D11X6mm NdFeB Cylinder Bar Neodymium Magnet N35 Grade, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Cnc Suba Pipe Production Line, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.Gold Banquet Steel Chair for Hotel.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Hot Dipped Galvanized 3D Wire Mesh Fence Panel 1030mm X 2500mm,12 Rubber Edge Electroplated Injection Cone Speaker Parts.Brushless DC 100W PCB Card for Blower PCBA, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Dimmable Contracted LED PAR Light for Interior Lighting with E26 9W 12W 15W 18W 20W PAR 20 PAR30 PAR38-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, curve b).Professional Manufacturer of Forged Grinding Media Steel Ball for Ball Mill in Metal Mines.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Sf Alumina Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry, curve b).Updated Nano Stick Mobile Phone and iPad Stand Can Be Used in Desktop Cars. It Has Strong Viscosity and Can Be Washed Repeatedly, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Disposable Embroidered Full Colour Cotton Pillow Case, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

High Speed 1500W to 5000W Electric Motorcycle-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Wholesale Custom Combed Cotton Happy Crazy Stripe Business Dress Crew Men Socks.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.2cavity Pet Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow/Blowing Molding/Moulding Machine-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[21 Years Experience Chinese Brand High Quality Horizontal Split Case Pump (TPOW)]

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;Body Shaping Ultrasound Cavitation Slimming Machine Anti Cellulite, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[Stand up Clear Spout Bag for Gas Butter Oil Packaging]

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LOPES, L.B.;Body Shaping Ultrasound Cavitation Slimming Machine Anti Cellulite, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[Cnc Drilling Machine For Wood]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[Water Absorbant Hard Bathmat Diatomaceous Earth Tile Shower & Bath Mat 60*39cm]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[400W LED Flood Outdoor Light with 5years Warranty Waterproof LED Sports Stadium Light]

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RADES, T.; MÜLLER-GOYMANN, C.C.High-Quality Factory Best Price Ral9003 Flower Pattern Design/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Made in China.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.159, p. 215-222, 1997.[Cipurse card]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

99% Liquid Solvent Materials Benzyl Benzoate to Treat ScabiesCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-Fastener Screw /Self Tapping Screw / Machine Screw
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