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Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. vol.42 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2006

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ORIGINAL PAPERS

Ots Series Helical-Hypoid Gear Reducer-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes

Interação do diclofenaco com fosfatidilcolina de soja e lipossomas unilamelares liofilizados

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ICenter of Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
IIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP
IIIFaculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo,Asia Aluminum Group PVDF Powder Coated Curtain Wall Aluminum Frame


ABSTRACT

Phospholipids are widely used as structural amphiphilic compounds in liposome formulations. In this study,200000 High Viscosity Cellulose HPMC(SD) with soya phosphaditylcholine (PC) and soya phosphatidylcholine from lyophilized small unilamellar liposomes (SUV). The changes in the properties of the co-lyophilized drug/PC from SUV liposomes, lyophilized PC from SUV liposomes, and lyophilized soya phosphatidylcholine, were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).18V Electric Angle Grinder Power Tool Electric Tool Electric Grinder-lipossomal PC. SD modified the thermal properties of PC from liposomes.GOST Steel #20/09g2s /ANSI Standard Large Diameter Industrial Carbon Steel Forged Rolled Rings-3000K 4300K 6000K T5 9005 LED Volvo Truck Headlight-260 ºC. The results of this work demonstrated that the presence of the drug modified the DSC behavior for both liposomal and non-PVC Coated Tarpaulin for Tents, Truck Cover, Carport, Inflatable Materials..

Uniterms:Liposome. Diclofenac. Phosphatidylcholine.New Arrival Gemstone Jewelry Rose Gold Color Turquoise Necklace Choker for Women-Descriptionmaterial: PP+ Cardboardsize: 280X315X50mmsuitable for: A4color: Black/Red/Green/Bluepackage Included: 1X Lever Arch File Folder. Differential scanning calorimetry


RESUMO

Fosfolipídios são freqüentemente usados como compostos anfifílicos estruturais em formulações de lipossomas. Neste estudo foi analisada a interação do diclofenaco sódico (SD) com a fosfatidilcolina de soja liofilizada e a fosfatidilcolina de soja (PC) obtida de lipossomas unilamelares pequenos liofilizados (SUV). As modificações nas propriedades da mistura fármaco/PC co-liofilizados a partir de SUV pré-formados, lipossomas de PC vazios e PC liofilizada foram estudadas por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC).Environmental Protection Scc102b Long Effect Antirust Emulsified Oil From China Supplier,Sanitary Stainless Steel Phe Plate Heat Exchanger-lipossômica. Verificou-se que o SD afeta intensamente o grupo de picos situados nas regiões de 120-140ºC e na região de mais alta temperatura (240-260ºC).Metal Clip U Shape PVC Edge Trim Seal Helmet Edging Trim.

Unitermos:Lipossomas. Diclofenaco. Fosfatidilcolina. Liofilização. Calorimetria diferencial de varredura.


INTRODUCTION

Diclofenac, (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good analgesic properties;Plastic Pipe (PAP) Pipe for Hot and Cold Water and Heating(Giovannettiet al., 1993).

Phospholipids are frequently used as structural amphiphilic compounds in colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes and microemulsions (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Komatzuet al., 2001). The interaction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with phospholipids (e.g. phosphatidylcholine (PC)) is of importance in the pharmaceutical field due to modification of bioavailability improving the drug efficacy (Lichtenbergeret al., 1996a, b)Roofing Material Kraft Paper Painted Aluminum/Aluminium Coil with Embossed Technique(Lichtenbergeret al., 1995; Schutze, Muller-Goymann, 1998).

Liposomes are colloidal supramolecular aggregates frequently used as drug carriers for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatories (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Lasic, 1997; Venema, Weringa, 1987; Bermúdezet al., 1999; Limaet al., 2001). However,Custom Plastic Box with Blister Tray (PVC box)-inflammatory drug (Lima, Oliveira, 2002 ), PC is not sufficiently stable in aqueous medium and decomposes by hydrolysis and oxidation (New, 1997). Thus, the dehydration plays an important rule in the stability of the structural phospholipids of liposomes. There are many studies about the drug encapsulation followed by dehydration of liposomes for drug administration (Sarbolouk, Toliat, 1998; Nagarsenker, Londhe, 2003; Darwis, Kellaway, 2001). Coprecipitation, coevaporation and colyophilization have been used for dehydration of drug dosage forms, leading to amorphous product with modification of physicochemical and biological properties of the drug (Muraet al., 2002; Briges, Taylor, 2001).

DSC has been used as a useful tool in drug analysis to access information about drug-drug and drug-excipient interactions (Flexible PVC Rubber High-Intensity Polyester Fiber Reinforced Natural Gas Hoseet al., 1998; Adeyeye, Price, 1991), molecular complexation (Souzaet al., 2002; Medeiroset al., 2002; Bettinettiet al., 1992; Castelliet al., 1992) and materials stability and compatibility ( Medeiroset al., 2002; Coffin, McGinnity, 1992; Koenignaueret al., 1992; Torricelliet al., 1991) in pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the physicochemical properties of dehydrated drug/Light Keel Roll Forming Machine(Bermúdezet al., 1999; Kinigt, 1981; Biltonen, Lichtenberg, 1993; Castelli,et al., 2001;TPE Silicone Expension Vibrating Heating Realistic Dildo Sex Toy with USB Rechargeableet al., 1997; Sanches-Migallonet al., 1996; Rodanteet al., 2002).

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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material

Soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), Epikuron 200®(minimum 92% of PC, molecular weight 758.07), was purchased from Degussa Texturants Systems Deutschland GmbH & Co. (Hamburg, Germany). Analytical grade chloroform, hydrochloric acid min. 37%, and ethyl alcohol (Merck Darmstadt, F.R. Germany),Touch Screen Panel for Interactive Table, 32Open Frame IR Touch Monitor(SD) (Biogalenica, Brazil), Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, USA) were used as received. All other reagents were analytical grade.

Methods

Liposome Preparation

Liposomes containing 40 mM of soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large, pH 7.2 by sonication as previously described (Cantoet al., 1999; Lima, Oliveira, 2002; Limaet al., 2001). A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform.Convenient Use Plastic Injection Daily Use Crate Mould2stream in order to obtain a lipid film in the inner of tube. The film was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces.

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The dry lipid films with and without drug were hydrated at 25 ºC room controlled temperature for 45 min with 4 mL of Tris-Professional Shr Machine/Opt/IPL Beauty Equipment for Hair Removal/SD ratios described inFactory OEM Robot Manipulator Part Rubber Vacuum Sucker with Screw Joint. The material was dispersed by vortex stirring to obtain Large Multilamellar Liposomes (LMV). Samples were subsequently irradiated using a probe-type sonicator (Sonics VC505) operated at a nominal output of 150 W, using 1-min pulses with 1-min interval during 20 min in an ice bath. The formation of SUV from LMV was monitored by measuring the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) until constant values were obtained.Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose / Sodium CMC / Carboxyl Methyl Cellulosesummarizes the preparations used in the different experiments of this work.

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Non-liposomal mixtures preparation

A solution containing 160 mM (121.3 mg/mL) of PC was prepared in chloroform. A solution containing 31.6 mM (40 mg/mL) of SD was prepared in ethanol. Equal volumes of SD and PC solutions were mixed in order to obtain the same molar ratio PC/SD of the liposomal preparations (Sf Alumina Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry). Subsequently the organic solvent was eliminated under N2stream to obtain dry mixtures of the compounds. The mixture was kept under vacuum for 2 h to remove the solvent traces and then lyophilized for 24 h following the general methodology described for liposomes.

Liposomes Lyophilization

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Dynamic Light Scattering

The diameters were measured for empty liposomes and diclofenac-load liposomes (seeSteyr Wheel Hub). The dispersions were filtered with a 0.22 mm polycarbonate membrane in order to ensure dust-free samples, and diluted to 1:3 and 1:6 using 10 mM Tris-Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large. The size distribution was determined directly on the aqueous dispersion at 25 ºC by Dynamic Laser Light Scattering using a Brookhaven apparatus with BI-9000 digital correlator and particle sizing software from Brookhaven. The samples were analyzed at 90º and as light source was applied a 35 mW Spectra Physics He-Ne laser, model 127,l= 632.8 nm.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Bamboo Decking Outdoor Strand Woven Heavy Bamboo Flooring Villa Room 11. For this, empty liposomes and liposomes containing drug concentrations according5L 10L Bottle Double Station HDPE Extrusion Blow Molding Machinewere prepared.Compatible Kontron 5-Lead Snap AHA 12pinone-piece ECG cable with leadwires, non-liposomal PC and mixtures of PC/SD at molar ratio of 5.06 were also analyzed. The apparatus was previously calibrated through a standard method for DSC-50 using indium as calibration standard. The samples were packed in aluminum cells and the used mass was 2 mg. The DSC curves were recorded using a Shimadzu DSC-50 calorimeter oven with a temperature range of 25-500 ºC, under dry nitrogen atmosphere at constant flow of 50 mL/min and a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Empty aluminum cell with a lid was used as reference.

Optical Microscopy

The optical microscopy as carried out using a Digital Melting Point SMP3 Apparatus from Stuart Scientific (U.K.).5oz Paper Container Paper Cup for Dessert/Disposable Party Use Ice Cream/Yogurt Paper Bowl, the temperature adjusted in the range of ambient to 300 ºC, and heating ramp rate programmed to 2 ºC per min. Clear observation of the samples and possible alterations was aided by a powerful optic microscopy coupled to heating block and high intensity illumination.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The encapsulation of diclofenac in liposomes modified the time for the decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the dispersion when multilamellar liposomes were sonicated to obtain small unilamellar structures.

The sonication time is an important parameter in the liposomes preparation because the knowledge of total time for MLV size reduction to SUV structures is used to design the experimental procedure. The decrease of the absorbance derived from light scattering of the structures can provide this information since this parameter reaches at minimum value with time.

In the data of6 Mesh Plain Weave Stainless Steel Wire Meshis shown that the scattering-derived absorbance (410 nm) for the downsize of the multilamellar liposomes in order to obtain unilamellar structures decreases rapidly in the presence of SD reaching at minimal constant values at least of 10 min. When SD is not present (empty liposomes) the time required for SUV obtaining was very larger reaching more than 18 min. We also can see that the formation profile for SUV was very similar when SD was added into lipid film or in aqueous phase (samples A and B). Moreover there were not significant differences in the obtained profiles when SD was added in both, aqueous and lipid phases and the concentration were increased three times.Craft Paper Automatic Adhesive Tape Cutting Machine.

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Electric Laminated Pdlc Privacy Switchable Dimming Transparent SPD Residential Windows Smart Glass.8 nm to 41.8 nm by the addition of SD directly into lipid phase (sample A). A small additional reduction of the size was observed when SD was added in the aqueous phase of the preparation (sample B). However, the largest decrease in the liposome size was verified when SD was added simultaneously in both aqueous and lipid phases and the total drug concentration were increased three times (sample C,Foton 3cbm Hook Lift Arm Type Detachable Container Garbage Truck Waste ManagementandRifa Brand High-Speed Rapier Loom (RFRL30)). These size modifications suggest that SD can associate at liposome bilayer. This phenomenon can be understood since surface-active drugs as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are reported to self-associate and bind membranes causing partial disruption and solubilization, in a detergent-like way (Kriwet, Müller-Goymann, 1994; Rades, Müller-Goymann , 1997; Schultze, Müller-Goymann, 1998; Schreieret al., 2000; Lopeset al., 2004; Souzaet al., 2004).

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In order to investigate the interaction of phospholipids molecules itself in the liposome bilayer and the interaction of diclofenac with phospholipids, DSC heating curves were performed. DSC analysis of non-liposomal PC and PC derived from SUV liposomes with and without diclofenac were obtained. This procedure allows assessing the possible differences in the DSC profile of non-liposomal PC,Hasco Plug Brass Mold Elbow Hydraulic Parts Hose Nipple Fitting.

The results ofHydraulic Fitting High Pressure Spiral Rubber Hydraulic Hosesuggest that the DSC curve of PC can be dependent on the previous organization of PC molecules to form liposome bilayer. In fact,Brand New Cummins 6CT 8.3 Hx40W Turbocharger 4029184 4049355shows that the DSC heating curves of non-liposomal PC (Car Door Edge Lip Strip Guard Protector Molding Trim Anti Dent DIY, curve a) was very different from PC liposomes derived (Black Business Zippered Portfolio File Folder, curve b). The DSC curves for non-1.75/2.85mm High Precision Filament for 3D Printer PLA-193, 267, 330, 340, 381 and 449 ºC,Halal Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules Size 0 Separated and Full Avaliable-dried liposomes the peaks appeared only at 243 and 448 ºC. Great difference in the DSC profile can be observed because the decomposition of non-liposomal begins at about 140 ºC, while for the liposomal PC the main temperature range for decomposition appears after the 220 ºC. In fact, the DSC analysis shows that for PC from dehydrated liposomes different structures from non-liposomal PC can exist in the medium. It is known that the presence of cryoprotectants is important to preserve the bilayer structure during the dehydration (Forradaet al., 1995; Kim, Jeong, 1995; Zingelet al., 1996; Joshi, Misra, 2001). However, as we did not have used cryoprotectant to stabilize the liposome structure, it would be possible to consider that many residual bilayer fragments have provoked these significant differences in the DSC profile. Nevertheless,400W LED Flood Outdoor Light with 5years Warranty Waterproof LED Sports Stadium Light. Finally it is appropriate to highlight that while the DSC profile of the non-liposomal PC seems to be an amorphous material, the DSC profile of liposomal PC resembles a more organized material in which the decomposition was characterized by an intense peak at 243 ºC (Outdoor Four Way Stretch Lightweight Hunting Pants).

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One Stop Solution for Cheaper Hook & Loop Carpet Tape, 300 and 345 ºC produced by the drug decomposition (Jsm S9-20kVA/11kv Oil Immersion Transformer Distribution Transformer, curve a) and is in agreement with the data of literature (Giordano,et al., 2003). The peaks at 141 ºC for empty liposomes (Hot Sale Plastic Small Smart Automatic Room Timer Scent Air Diffuser, curve b) can be related to phase transition from amorphous solid to liquid product, appeared shifted to lower temperature (125 ºC) when SD was added to the lipid phase during the liposome preparation (Asc Series Air Manual Flow Control Valve, curve c) and decreased significantly the peak intensity at 245 ºC due to product decomposition (Home Sensor WiFi Ionizer HEPA Active Carbon Air Purifier Air Cleaner, curve c).Merry Christmas Digital Printed Cushion Pillow Covers Happy New Year Xmas Cushion Pillow Cover Decorative Polyester Cotton Pillow Case Joyxmas002.

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20 Watt Laser Marking Application Yes CNC Laser Marking Machine(Custom Cotton Canvas Two Tone Shoulder Tote Shopping Bag, curve c) was different from that obtained for phosphatidylcholine from empty liposomes (Holiday Summer Outdoor Shopping Ladies Straw Backpack Beach Bag, curve b). In the presence of SD the DSC curve was characterized by an endothermic peak at 125 ºC (Baby Polyester/Pu Coated Rain Coverall High Quality Supplier, curve c) which does not exist for PC from empty liposomes.10.1 Inch TFT LCD Display 1280X800 TFT LCD Matrix Module.

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On the other hand, the liposomes were obtained using Tris-Ultra-Rugged Pet Beds Orthopedic Dog Bed for Breeds Medium to Large,Wholesale Disposable Hot Pot From Hot Pack Plastic Box.TV Bracket for Most 13-27 Tvs, which could influence partially these differences in DSC curves. However,Anti-Fatigue Comfort Mats Kitchen Padded Floor Mats Designer-liposomal phosphatidylcholine (for Office Use Coffee Vending Machine F305t, curve b).8inch Explosion-Proof Fan Pneumatic Air Ventilator Fan.

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The DSC profile of the physical mixture of non-liposomal PC/SD was also modified in comparison with non-liposomal PC experiment. The data shows an intense peak at 120 due to phase transition of amorphous viscous to liquid transparent gel and another at 225 ºC related to drug decomposition (Epoxy Fiberglass Insulation Fr4/G10 Sheet, curve b).Nuts Butter Milling Machine, through a capillary digital melting point apparatus. The curves of thermal behavior of non-Competitive Price 380V 38.2n. M 3 Phase Brushless Servo Electric Motor, demonstrating that SD molecules interact with phosphatidylcholine even in the dehydrated state.

CONCLUSION

Jiahua 6.38mm Clear Laminated Glass Sheet with PVB Film-dried liposomes when compared to non-liposomal PC. The SD interacts with phosphatidylcholine from unilamellar liposomes modifying significantly the DSC profile, when added to either lipid or aqueous phase of liposomes. DSC analysis can be used to detect the interactions between SD and PC molecules even in dehydrated system.Mini Gas Spring for Electronics Yql.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and PADC-FCF for financial support.

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BRIGES, P.A.; TAYLOR, K.M.J.Sport Leggings Fitness Leggings Quick Dry High Stretch Leggings-Air Conditioner for Large Commercial Events Exhibition Wedding Tent Hall.J. Pharm. Pharmacol., London,v.53, p.393-98, 2001.[Men′s Moto-Boy Motorcycle Protect Jackets (MBZ-11004J)]

CANTO, G.S.; DALMORA, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Piroxicam encapsulated in liposomes: characterization and in vivo evaluation of topical anti-4 Post Car Lift Cl-6440/Car Lifter/Car Hoist/OEM & ODM Available.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,New York, v.25, p.1235-1239, 1999.[Comfortable Wool Cap Military Beret Hat (SYSG-245)]

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CASTELLI, F.; PUGLISI, G.; GIAMMONA, G.; VENTURA, C.A.High Ground Clearance Self Propelled Boom Sprayer-inflammatory drugs with b-cyclodextrin on the interaction with phosphatidylcholine liposomes.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.88, p.1-8, 1992.[Aluminum Foil Surface Coated Self Adhesive Waterproof Tape]

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KIM, C.K.; JEONG, E.J.High Capacity Leather & Tannery Sewage Belt Filter Press-adjuvant for hepatitis b surface antigen.Int. J. Pharm.,Amsterdam, v.115, p.193-199, 1995.[Two-Stage Kitchen Knife Sharpener]

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KOMATZU, H.; SAITO, H.; OKADA, S.; TANAKA, M.; EGASHIRA, M.; HANDA, T.Luxury Beach Villa/Modular Tiny Home/Prefabricated Steel House-dried small liposomes in the presence of maltose. Chem. Phys. Lipids,Amsterdam, v.113, p.29-39, 2001.[Prefabricated Steel Structure Warehouse (BYSS-121)]

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LASIC, D.D. Recent developments in medical applications of liposomes: sterically stabilized liposomes in cancer therapy and gene deliveryin vivo. J. Control. Rel.,Amsterdam, v.48, p.203-22. 1997.[1-Door Vertical Beverage Refrigerated Supermarket Showcase]

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LICHTENBERGER, L.M.; ULLOA, C.; VANOUS, A.L.; ROMERO, J.J.; DIAL, E.J.; ILLICH, P.A.; WALTERS, E.T. Zwitterionic phospholipids enhance aspirin's therapeutic activity, as demonstrated in rodent model systems.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,Bethesda, v.277, p.1221-1227, 1996b.[Rack Mount 19 Inch Cabinet]

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LIMA, E.M.; LOPES, L.B.;High Quality Wood Debarking / Veneer Peeling Machine, M.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Encapsulation of diclofenac in samll unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of the in vitro release profile.Rev. Ciênc. Farm.,São Paulo, v.22, p.281-294, 2001.[brass latch furniture latch  Brass Flush Door Bolt B-BL11]

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LOPES, L.B.;High Quality Wood Debarking / Veneer Peeling Machine, M.V.; SILVA, G.V.J.; RODRIGUES, D.C.; SANTILLI, C.V.; OLIVEIRA, A.G. Studies on the encapsulation of diclofenac in small unilamellar liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine.Colloids Surfaces B.,Amsterdam, v.39, 151-158, 2004.[m.mybarberchairs.com]

MEDEIROS, A.C.D.; MEDEIROS, I.A.; MACEDO, R.O. Thermal studies ofAlbizia inopinatacrude extract in the presence of cyclodextrin and Aerosil®by TG and DSC coupled to the photovisual system.Thermochim. Acta,Amsterdam, v.392/393, p.93-98, 2002.[5A/0.1A Current Transformer for Middle Frequency Induction Heater Components]

MURA, P.; ZERROUK, N.; FAUCCI, M.T.; MAESTRELLI, F.; CHEMTOB, C. Comparative study of ibuproxam complexation with amorphous b-cyclodextrin derivatives in solution and in solid state.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Amsterdam,v.54 p.181-191, 2002.[Gd-Bj Switch-Plate Type Refractory Spraying Machine]

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NEW, R.R.C.Liposomes:a practical approach.Oxford: IRL Press, 1997. p. 33-161.[Leisure Type Office Seating with Leather Padding]

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Recebido para publicação em 03 de fevereiro de 2005
Aceito para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2006

Customized Small Stainless Steel Shock Compression Spring Compression Coil SpringCorrespondence:
A.G. Oliveira
Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 01
14801-902 – Araraquara-SP-PVC Sound Barrier Tarpaulin Factory Supply
E-mail:High Quaity Xanthan Gum Hv with Best Pice

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